Shekarun nan na 'yan kwanakin, a cikin ginin gidan ko gyara, ana biyan hankali sosai don ingancin makamashi. Tare da riga na da farashin man fetur, wannan ya fi dacewa. Haka kuma, da alama cewa tanadin zai ci gaba da samun ƙara muhimmanci. Domin daidai zaɓi abun da ke ciki da kauri na kayan rufewa (ganuwar, bene, rufi, bakin hawa) kana buƙatar sanin yanayin kayan aikin. Ana nuna wannan halayyar akan fakitoci tare da kayan, kuma har yanzu ya zama dole a matakin ƙira. Bayan haka, ya zama dole don warware abin da kayan gina don gina ganuwar fiye da dumama su, wanda kauri ya kamata kowane Layer.
Mene ne hali da juriya da zafi
Lokacin zabar kayan gini don gini, ya zama dole a kula da halayen kayan. Daya daga cikin mabuɗin mahimman matsayi shine aikin da yake aiki. Ana nuna shi ta hanyar aikin da ke sarrafawa. Wannan shine adadin zafin da zai iya gudanar da abu ɗaya ko wani abu a kowane yanki na lokaci. Wato, karami wannan ingantaccen, mafi muni da abin da ke aiwatar da zafi. Kuma akasi a tare, mafi girman adadi, zafi yana da kyau.
Zane wanda ke nuna bambanci a cikin yanayin yanayin
Kayan aiki tare da ƙarancin ƙira da yawa ana amfani da shi don rufi, tare da babba - don canja wuri ko cire zafi. Misali, radiators an yi shi ne da aluminum, jan ƙarfe ko karfe, kamar yadda suke da kyau sakamakon zafi, wato, suna da babban aiki da kuma babban aiki. Don rufi, kayan tare da ƙarancin ƙira da yawa ana amfani da shi - suna da mafi kyawun zafin zafi. Idan abin da ya kunshi yadudduka da yawa na kayan, ana bayyana shi a matsayin jimlar coeffiens. A lokacin da lissafi, ana ƙididdige kayan aikin ƙirar kowane "cake", ana samun dabi'un da aka samu. Gabaɗaya, muna samun damar rufin yanayin zafi na tsarin rufewa (ganuwar, jinsi, jinsi, rufi).
Yin amfani da yanayin kayan aikin yana nuna adadin zafin da ya rasa kowane ɓangare na lokaci.
Hakanan akwai irin wannan ra'ayi azaman juriya na zafi. Yana nuna ikon kayan don hana nassi tare da shi. Wato, ƙimar juyawa dangane da ƙwararrun halayen. Kuma idan kun ga abu tare da babban juriya na zafi, ana iya amfani dashi don rufin zafi. Misali na kayan rufewa na iya zama sanannen ma'adinai ko basalt ulu, kumfa, da sauransu. Kayan aiki tare da ƙarancin ƙarfin zafi ana buƙatar jagorantar ko a canja wurin zafi. Misali, ana amfani da radiatororsil ko radiators na aluminum don dumama, kamar yadda aka ba su da kyau.
Tebur na aikin da ke cikin thereral na kayan rufewa
Domin gidan ya zama mafi sauƙin kula da zafi a cikin hunturu da sanyin zafi a lokacin rani, bene da rufin da ya kamata ya zama ƙayyadaddun shaida wanda aka lasafta shi da kowane yanki. Abun da aka sanya na "cake" na ganuwar, jinsi da rufi, kauri daga kayan ana ɗauka tare da irin wannan asusun don ba kaɗan ba don yankinku.
Ingantacciyar yanayin yanayin zafi na kayan gini na zamani don kewayen tsarin
Lokacin zabar kayan ya zama dole don la'akari da cewa wasu daga cikinsu (ba duka) cikin yanayin zafi mai zafi suna da kyau sosai. Idan akwai irin wannan yanayin yayin aiki na dogon lokaci, a cikin lissafin, ana amfani da aikin da ake amfani da shi don wannan jihar. Yin amfani da yanayin zafi yana amfani da manyan kayan da ake amfani da shi don rufi a teburin.
| Sunan abu | Madaidaitan aiki na helker ciyayi w / (m · · · c) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| A cikin yanayin bushe | Tare da zafi na al'ada | Tare da babban zafi | |
| Ji woolen | 0.036-0.041 | 0.038-0.044 | 0.044-0.050 |
| Maskararren ma'adinai suttura 25-50 kg / m3 | 0.036 | 0.042. | 0 , 045 |
| Maskararren ma'adinai ulu 40-60 kg / m3 | 0.035 | 0.041 | 0.044 |
| Malilal ma'adinai ulu 80-125 kg / m3 | 0.036 | 0.042. | 0.045 |
| Dutse ma'adinai ulu 140-175 kg / m3 | 0.037 | 0,043. | 0,0456. |
| Ma'adinai ma'adinai na dutse 180 kg / m3 | 0.038 | 0.045 | 0,048. |
| Gwalla 15 kg / m3 | 0,046. | 0.049. | 0.055 |
| Gilashi 17 kilogiram / m3 | 0.044 | 0.047. | 0,053 |
| Gwalla 20 kg / m3 | 0.04. | 0,043. | 0,048. |
| Gwal 30 KG / M3 | 0.04. | 0.042. | 0,046. |
| Gwalhu 35 kg / m3 | 0.039 | 0.041 | 0,046. |
| Gwalla 45 kg / m3 | 0.039 | 0.041 | 0.045 |
| Gwal 60 kg / m3 | 0.038 | 0,040. | 0.045 |
| Gwalla 75 kg / m3 | 0.04. | 0.042. | 0.047. |
| Gwal 85 KG / M3 | 0.044 | 0,046. | 0,050 |
| Polystyrene kumfa (kumfa, pps) | 0.036-0.041 | 0.038-0.044 | 0.044-0.050 |
| Wellruded fadada polystyrene kumfa (epps, xps) | 0,029 | 0.030 | 0.031 |
| Foam kankare, AEERED Concrete bayani, 600 kg / m3 | 0.14. | 0.22. | 0.26. |
| Kumfa, aerated kankare a ciminti ciminti, 400 kg / m3 | 0.11 | 0.14. | 0.15 |
| Foam kankare, Aired kankare akan maganin liman na lemun tsami, 600 kg / m3 | 0.15 | 0.28. | 0.34. |
| Kumfa, aered kankare a kan lemun tsami bayani, 400 kg / m3 | 0.13. | 0.22. | 0.28. |
| Gilashin kumfa, dasa, 100 - 150 kg / m3 | 0.043-0.06 | ||
| Gilashin kumfa, marmaro, 151 - 200 kg / m3 | 0.06-0.063 | ||
| Foamwalk, jariri, 201 - kilogiram 250 | 0.0666-0.07 | ||
| Gilashin kumfa, dasa, 251 - 400 kg / m3 | 0.085-0.1 | ||
| Foam toshe 100 - 120 kg / m3 | 0.043-0.045 | ||
| Kumfa 81-170 kg / m3 | 0.05-0.062 | ||
| Foam toshe 171 - 220 kg / m3 | 0.057-0.063 | ||
| Kumfa 221 - 270 kg / m3 | 0.073 | ||
| Ekwata. | 0.037-0.042 | ||
| Polyurethane Foolder (PPU) 40 kg / m3 | 0,029 | 0.031 | 0.05 |
| Polyurethane kumfa (ppu) 60 kg / m3 | 0.035 | 0.036 | 0.041 |
| Polyurethane foolder (ppu) 80 kg / m3 | 0.041 | 0.042. | 0.04. |
| Polyeletylene an yiwa | 0.031-0.038 | ||
| Injin bazaɓi | |||
| Air + 27 ° C. 1 ATM | 0,026. | ||
| Zaɓa | 0.0057 | ||
| Argon | 0.0177 | ||
| Aergel (Aspen Aerogels) | 0,014-0...021 | ||
| Shagkovat | 0.05 | ||
| Vermikulitis | 0.064-0.074 | ||
| Foamed roba | 0.033 | ||
| Mork zanen gado 220 kg / m3 | 0.035 | ||
| Mork zanen gado 260 kg / m3 | 0.05 | ||
| Basalt matss, zane | 0.03-0.04 | ||
| Ja | 0.05 | ||
| Perlite, 200 kg / m3 | 0.05 | ||
| Perlite Gudun, 100 kg / m3 | 0.06. | ||
| Faranti na lilin insulating, 250 kg / m3 | 0.054. | ||
| Polystyrevbton, 150-500 kg / m3 | 0.052-0.145 | ||
| Tube bututu, 45 kilogiram / m3 | 0.038 | ||
| Ma'adan ma'adinai a kan tushen Bitumen, 270-350 kg / m3 | 0.0776-0.096 | ||
| Bene Cork shafi, 540 kg / m3 | 0,078. | ||
| Cork Cork, 50 kg / m3 | 0.037 |
Mataki na a kan batun: SWAN GASKIYA TATTAUNAWA: SWAN abokan shakatawa na 'yanci, baƙar fata ga maƙwabta
Kashi na bayanan da aka ɗauka ta hanyar sanya halayen wasu kayan (SNIP 23-02), Snip i2019, Snip II-3-79 * (Shafi 2). Wadancan kayan da ba a samo su a cikin matsayin ana samun su akan shafukan masana'antun masana'antu ba. Tunda babu ƙa'idodi, masana'antu daban-daban na iya bambanta sosai, saboda lokacin siye, kula da halaye na kowane abu da aka saya.
Tebur na aikin da yake aiki da kayan gini
Ganuwar, a rufe, bene, ana iya yin bene daga abubuwa daban-daban, amma ya zama ya zama da yawa ana kwatanta shi da ƙarancin kayan gini da kuma ƙayyadaddun masonry. Na san wannan kayan abu yana da sauƙin gudanar da ƙungiyoyi tare da shi. Mafi mashahuri jadawalin da aka fi sani wanda aka nuna bambanci tsakanin kayan daban-daban a fili. Suchaya daga cikin irin wannan hoton yana cikin sakin layi na baya, na biyu shine kwatancen bango na tubali da bango rajistan ayyukan - ana nuna su a ƙasa. Abin da ya sa don ganuwar bulo da sauran kayan tare da manyan ayyuka, kayan rufin zafi. Don sauƙaƙe don zaɓi, ƙimar ƙirar babban kayan gini ya rage zuwa teburin.
Kwatanta nau'ikan kayan
| Kayan aiki, Yankunan | Ingantacciyar hanyar aiki da wutar lantarki | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| A cikin yanayin bushe | tare da zafi na al'ada | Tare da babban zafi | |
| CPR (ciminti-yashi mai ruwa) | 0.58. | 0.76 | 0.93 |
| Lemun tsami-yashi | 0.47 | 0,7. | 0.81 |
| Filastar filastar | 0.25. | ||
| Kumfa da kankare, aered kankare akan ciminti, kilogiram 600 / m3 | 0.14. | 0.22. | 0.26. |
| Kumfa, aered kankare akan ciminti, 800 kg / m3 | 0.21 | 0.33 | 0.37 |
| Kumfa da kankare, aered kankare akan ciminti, 1000 kg / m3 | 0.29. | 0.38. | 0.43 |
| Kumfa, mai son kunshe da kankare, kilogram 600 kg / m3 | 0.15 | 0.28. | 0.34. |
| Foam kankare, mai son Airated kankare, 800 kg / m3 | 0.23. | 0.39 | 0.45 |
| Kumfa, mai son kunshe da kankare, 1000 kg / m3 | 0.31 | 0.48. | 0.55 |
| Gilashin taga | 0.76 | ||
| Arbolit | 0.07-0.17 | ||
| Kankare tare da na halitta rubble, 2400 kg / m3 | 1,51 | ||
| Haske mai sauƙi tare da pimes na dabi'a, 500-1200 kg / m3 | 0.15-0.44 | ||
| Kankare akan slags mai granular, 1200-1800 kg / m3 | 0.35-018 | ||
| Kankare a kan jirgin ruwa slag, 1400 kg / m3 | 0.56. | ||
| Kankare a kan dutse crubbish, 2200-2500 kg / m3 | 0.9-1.5 | ||
| Kankare akan mai slag, 1000-1800 kg / m3 | 0.3-0.7 | ||
| Toshe yumbu | 0,2 | ||
| Vermiculitobeton, 300-800 kg / m3 | 0.08-0.21 | ||
| Keramzitobeton, 500 kg / m3 | 0.14. | ||
| Keramzitobeton, 600 kg / m3 | 0.16. | ||
| Keramzitobeton, 800 kg / m3 | 0.21 | ||
| Keramzitobeton, 1000 kg / m3 | 0.27. | ||
| Keramzitobeton, 1200 kg / m3 | 0.36. | ||
| Keramzitobeton, 1400 kg / m3 | 0.47 | ||
| Keramzitobeton, 1600 kg / m3 | 0.58. | ||
| Keramzitobeton, 1800 kg / m3 | 0,66 | ||
| Tsohon birki na yanzu a yanzu a CPR | 0.56. | 0,7. | 0.81 |
| Masonry daga m yumbu tubali a kan CPR, 1000 kg / m3) | 0.35 | 0.47 | 0.52. |
| Masonry daga m yourer tubali a kan CPR, 1300 kg / m3) | 0.41 | 0.52. | 0.58. |
| Masonry daga m yourer tubali a kan CPR, 1400 kg / m3) | 0.47 | 0.58. | 0.64 |
| Masonry daga cikakken sikeli siliki a kan CPR, 1000 kg / m3) | 0,7. | 0.76 | 0.87 |
| Masonry daga Hollowlow silicate tubali a kan CPR, 11 voids | 0.64 | 0,7. | 0.81 |
| Masonry daga dutsen silicate tubali a kan CPR, 14 voids | 0.52. | 0.64 | 0.76 |
| Lemun duniya 1400 kg / m3 | 0.49 | 0.56. | 0.58. |
| Lememone 1 + 600 kg / m3 | 0.58. | 0.73 | 0.81 |
| Lememone 1800 kg / m3 | 0,7. | 0.93 | 1.05 |
| Lemunstone 2000 kg / m3 | 0.93 | 1,16 | 1.28. |
| Yashi gini, 1600 kg / m3 | 0.35 | ||
| Granit | 3,49. | ||
| Irin dutse | 2,91 | ||
| Keramzit, tsakuwa, kilogiram 250 | 0.1. | 0.11 | 0.12. |
| Keramzit, tsakuwa, kilogiram 300 | 0.108. | 0.12. | 0.13. |
| Keramzit, tsakuwa, 350 kg / m3 | 0.115-0.12 | 0.125 | 0.14. |
| Keramzit, tsakuwa, 400 kg / m3 | 0.12. | 0.13. | 0.145 |
| Keramzit, tsakuwa, 450 kg / m3 | 0.13. | 0.14. | 0.155 |
| Keramzit, tsakuwa, kilogiram 500 | 0.14. | 0.15 | 0.165 |
| Keramzit, tsakuwa, kilogram 600 kg / m3 | 0.14. | 0.17 | 0.19. |
| Keramzit, tsakuwa, 800 kg / m3 | 0.18. | ||
| Faranti na gypsum, 1100 kg / m3 | 0.35 | 0.50 | 0.56. |
| Faranti na gypsum, 1350 kg / m3 | 0.23. | 0.35 | 0.41 |
| Clay, 1600-2900 kg / m3 | 0.7-0.9 | ||
| Clay Readorory, 1800 kg / m3 | 1,4. | ||
| Keramzit, 200-800 kg / m3 | 0.1-0,18 | ||
| Keramzitobetone a kan ma'adanan yashi tare da fina-finai, 800-1200 kg / m3 | 0.23-0.41 | ||
| Keramzitobeton, 500-1800 kg / m3 | 0.16-0,6. | ||
| Keramzitobeton a kan yashi mai sheki, 800-1000 kg / m3 | 0.22-0 78 | ||
| Matarshi, 1800 - 2000 kg / m3 | 0.8-0.16 | ||
| Yumbu yana fuskantar bulo, 1800 kg / m3 | 0.93 | ||
| Lafing kwanciya na tsakiya, 2000 kg / m3 | 1.35 | ||
| Zanen gado na plasterboard, 800 kg / m3 | 0.15 | 0.19. | 0.21 |
| Zanen gado na plasterboard, 1050 kg / m3 | 0.15 | 0.34. | 0.36. |
| Plywood glued | 0.12. | 0.15 | 0.18. |
| DVP, Chipboard, 200 kg / M3 | 0.06. | 0.07 | 0.08. |
| DVP, Chipboard, 400 kg / m3 | 0.08. | 0.11 | 0.13. |
| DVP, Chipboard, 600 kg / m3 | 0.11 | 0.13. | 0.16. |
| DVP, Chipboard, 800 kg / m3 | 0.13. | 0.19. | 0.23. |
| DVP, Chipboard, 1000 kg / m3 | 0.15 | 0.23. | 0.29. |
| Linoleum pvc a cikin zafi insulate tushe, 1600 kg / m3 | 0.33 | ||
| Linoleum pvc a kan zafin insuldate, 1800 kg / m3 | 0.38. | ||
| Linoleum pvc akan tushen nama, 1400 kg / m3 | 0,2 | 0.29. | 0.29. |
| Linoleum pvc akan tushen nama, 1600 kg / m3 | 0.29. | 0.35 | 0.35 |
| Linoleum Pvc akan masana'antar masana'anta, 1800 kg / m3 | 0.35 | ||
| Sheetsic lebur lebur, 1600-1800 kg / m3 | 0.23-0.35 | ||
| Kget, 630 kg / m3 | 0,2 | ||
| Polycarbonate (zanen gado), 1200 kg / m3 | 0.16. | ||
| Polystyrevbton, 200-500 kg / m3 | 0.075-0.08 | ||
| Tsari, 1000-1800 kg / m3 | 0.27-0,63 | ||
| Fiberglass, 1800 kg / m3 | 0.23. | ||
| Kankare tayal, 2100 kg / m3 | 1,1 | ||
| Tayal yumbu, 1900 kg / m3 | 0.85 | ||
| Tile PVC, 2000 kg / m3 | 0.85 | ||
| Lemun tsami filastar, 1600 kg / m3 | 0,7. | ||
| Skumar Sevet-yashi, 1800 kg / m3 | 1,2 |
Mataki na a kan batun: Siphon don injin wanki: Menene mafi kyawun zaɓaɓɓu?
Itace tana daya daga cikin kayan gini tare da ƙarancin yanayin zafi. Tebur yana ba da bayanan alamomi a cikin duwatsu daban-daban. A lokacin da siyan, tabbatar da ganin yawan da kuma ingantaccen aiki na aikin thermal. Ba dukkansu bane, kamar yadda aka yi wa rajista a cikin takardu masu daidaitawa.
| Suna | Ingantacciyar hanyar aiki da wutar lantarki | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| A cikin yanayin bushe | Tare da zafi na al'ada | Tare da babban zafi | |
| Pine, fir bayan zaruruwa | 0.09 | 0.14. | 0.18. |
| Pine, spruce tare da fibers | 0.18. | 0.29. | 0.35 |
| Oak tare da zaruruwa | 0.23. | 0.35 | 0.41 |
| Oak fadin zaruruwa | 0.10. | 0.18. | 0.23. |
| Itace Cork | 0.035 | ||
| Biirch | 0.15 | ||
| Itacen sida | 0.095 | ||
| Roba na zahiri | 0.18. | ||
| Mafle | 0.19. | ||
| Lipa (15% zafi) | 0.15 | ||
| Larshi | 0.13. | ||
| Sawdust | 0.077-0.093 | ||
| Ja | 0.05 | ||
| Oak Parquet Oak | 0.42. | ||
| Yanki na parquet | 0.23. | ||
| Payquet Packer | 0.17 | ||
| Fir | 0.1-0.25 | ||
| Tabaki | 0.17 |
Ana amfani da ƙarfe sosai. Yawancinsu gada ne na sanyi a cikin ƙira. Kuma wannan ma wajibi ne don yin la'akari, ya cire lambar kai tsaye ta amfani da yadudduka masu zafi da gas, waɗanda ake kira gibengal na thermal. Ana rage aikin theryer na ƙarfe zuwa wani tebur.
| Suna | Ingantacciyar hanyar aiki da wutar lantarki | Suna | Ingantacciyar hanyar aiki da wutar lantarki | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jan ƙarfe | 22-105 | Goron ruwa | 202-236 | |
| Jan ƙarfe | 282-390. | Farin ƙarfe | 97-111 | |
| Azurfa | 429. | Baƙin ƙarfe | 92. | |
| Kwano | 67. | Baƙin ƙarfe | 47. | |
| Zinari | 318. |
Yadda ake yin lissafin kauri Kaurin
Domin hunturu a cikin gidan da aka yi ɗumi, kuma a cikin lokacin sanyi, ya zama dole cewa kewayon tsarin (ganuwar, jinsi, rufi, rufin) dole ne a sami juriya na zafi. Ga kowane yanki, wannan darajar ita ce nasa. Ya dogara da matsakaita yanayin zafi da laima a takamaiman yanki.
Kare tsayayya da kare
Tsarin gine-gine na Rasha
Domin biyan kuɗi don yin girma da yawa, ya zama dole a zaɓi kayan gini da kauri don haka jimlar juriya na thermal ba kasa da kayyade a cikin tebur.
Mataki na kan batun: Zabi mafi kyawun Washbasin don bayarwa
Lissafin kauri daga bango, kauri daga cikin rufi, yadudduka na ƙarewa
Ga ginin zamani, lamarin halaye ne lokacin da bango ke da yadudduka da yawa. Baya ga tsarin tallafi, akwai rufi, kayan gini. Kowannenku yana da kauri. Yaya za a tantance kauri daga cikin rufi? Lissafin yana da sauki. Kammala daga dabara:
Tsarin tsari don lissafin ƙarfin zafin jiki
R shine juriya na thermal;
p - kauri kauri a cikin mita;
K shine mafi kyawun aiki.
A baya can ya yanke shawara kan kayan da zaku yi amfani da lokacin gini. Haka kuma, wajibi ne a san ainihin irin kayan bango zai zama rufi, ado, da sauransu. Bayan haka, kowannensu yana ba da gudummawa ga rufi na thereral, da kuma ƙirar kayan aikin ana la'akari da su a cikin lissafin.
Da farko, juriya na tsarin halittar an dauke shi (wanda da sauransu, da sauransu) za a gina, sannan kauri daga cikin rufin da aka zaɓa. Har yanzu yana yiwuwa a bincika halayen shimfidar yanayin kayan da ke ƙarewa, amma yawanci suna "" da "zuwa babba. Wannan shi ne yadda wani hannun jari yake "kawai idan akwai". Wannan hannun jari yana ba ku damar adana a kan dumama, wanda daga baya ke da tasiri mai kyau akan kasafin kudin.
Misali na yin lissafin kauri daga cikin rufin
Zamu bincika misali. Zamu gina bango na tubali - a cikin tubalin rabin, zamu dan ma'abuta ma'adinan ma'adinai. A kan tebur, juriya da thermal na bangon yankin ya zama aƙalla 3.5. Lissafin don wannan yanayin ana nuna shi a ƙasa.
- Da farko, mun lasafta hermal juriya na tubalin bango. Rabin tubali shine 38 cm ko Mita 3.38, halayen Therymal sun dace da tubalin Masonry 0.56. Munyi la'akari da shi bisa ga tsarin da ke sama da aka ambata: 0.38 / 0.56 = 0.68. Irin wannan juriya yana da bango na tubalin 1.5.
- Wannan darajar tana dauke da juriya na gaba daya ga yankin: 3,5-0.68 = 2.82. Wannan girma yana buƙatar zama "asali" tare da rufin zafi da kayan gama-gari.
Dukkanin tsarin rufewa zasu ƙidaya
- Munyi la'akari da kauri daga ma'anan ma'anonin ma'adinai. Hasashen da yake da zafin rana shine 0.045. Rana mai kauri zai zama: 2.82 * 0.045 = 0.1269 m ko 12.7 cm
Idan kasafin kuɗi ya iyakance, za a iya ɗaukar ulu na ma'adinai 10 cm, da kayan ƙare. Bayan haka, za su kasance daga ciki da waje. Amma, idan kuna son asusun don dumama ya zama kadanal, ya fi kyau gama "da" zuwa darajar sasanta. Wannan shine ajiyarka yayin yanayin zafi, tunda yanayin jure yanayin da aka ɗora ana ɗaukarsu a matsakaita shekaru da yawa, da kuma hunturu yana da sanyi sosai. Saboda haka, kasuwancin kayan gini wanda aka yi amfani da shi don ƙarewa ba a la'akari da shi ba.