Pa chisanu cha nyengo yozizira nyengo yachisanu, funso la momwe mungakonzekere madzi otenthetsera. Kukonzekera kwamadzi kumafunikira kwambiri kwa eni malo achinsinsi, osalumikizidwa ndi kutentha kwa kutentha ndikulandila madzi kuchokera kuzitsiro kapena zitsime. Madzi akakhala okhazikika, mwachitsanzo, chitsulo kapena mangane, izi zimazimbidwama ndi kulephera kwapadera pang'ono komanso zamagetsi, komanso kuwononga ma radiwages ndi ma radiators.
Nyumba yotentha nyumba.
Gawo loyamba komanso lofunikira kwambiri pantchito
Chinthu chachikulu chimayenera kuthandizidwa musanakonzeke mankhwala ochizira madzi chifukwa cha kutentha kwa madzi, kuti muwunikire madzi.
Wotchuka (a) ndikufunsidwa (b) njira zomangira: 1 - Mchirima Madzi; 2 - Otenthetsera a SAN; 3 - Firiji; 4 - thanki ya Ngongole; 5 - Wokongoletsani kwambiri; 6 - Wokopani; awiriawiri; .
Mutha kuyendetsa mayesedwe kunyumba pogwiritsa ntchito zikwangwani zamagalasi (amagulitsidwa mu malo ogulitsira). Komabe, kuti mupeze mfundo zotsimikizika zolondola komanso bwino kukonzekeretsa madzi owotchera, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito zovomerezeka.
Madzi owunikira amalembedwa mu botolo la pulasitiki la madzi omwe sakumwa omwe amamwa mpweya wowuma ndi voliyumu 1.5. Ndizosavomerezeka kugwiritsa ntchito mabotolo kuchokera pansi pa madzi okoma ndi zakumwa zina. Pulagi ndi botolo imatsukidwa ndi madzi omwe atengedwa kuti apendeke, ndipo zotchinga sizingagwiritsidwe ntchito. M'mbuyomu madzi amakhetsa mphindi 10-15 kuti musachotsere zitsanzo za madzi osayenda, chifukwa izi zingakhudze zotsatira za mayeso.
Popewa kuchuluka kwa madzi kusungunuka mlengalenga ndi okosijeni, amapezeka ndi ndege yocheperako, kotero kuti imadutsa khoma la botolo. Madzi amathiridwa pansi pa khosi. Botolo limakulungidwa mwamphamvu mu pulagi kuti mpweya usalowe. Oxygen amakhumudwitsa kutuluka kwa njira zamankhwala, ndipo izi zingakhudzenso zotsatira za mayeso. Ngati palibe kuthekera kwa nthawi yomweyo ku labotale, ndiye kuti madzi amatha kusungidwa mufiriji (osati mufiriji!), Koma osapitilira masiku awiri.
Dongosolo kutentha.
Kusanthula kwamadzi kumaphatikizapo macheke mu zisonyezo zotsatirazi:
- kukhwima;
- chitsulo;
- manganese;
- PH (digiri ya acidity);
- Oxidist permanganate (akuwonetsa kukhalapo kwa zinthu zachilengedwe m'madzi);
- mchere;
- ammonium;
- oxygen kutalika;
- Turbidity, mwachidule, fungo.
Ngati ndi kotheka, zitsanzo zimatengedwa kutipezeka kukhalapo kwa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono. Mwachitsanzo, ena a iwo, alimi, sikuti amangovulaza thanzi, komanso amatha kukhazikika mkati mwa mapaipi, ndikupanga filimu ya mucous membrane. Izi zimathandizira kuwonongeka ndikuthana ndi mtundu wa kutentha.
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Madzi olimba komanso ofewa kwambiri
Chitsanzo cha kukatentha malo dongosolo magetsi yomwe imapereka unsembe mofulumira ndi omasuka Kutentha ndi yokonza madzi otentha mu wapadera nyumba, kanyumba, kanyumba.
Zisonyezo zokhala ndi zouma - 7-10 mg-eq / l. Ngati mtengo wake umapitilira, zikutanthauza kuti madziwo ali ndi ma calcium komanso mchere wamagnesiachi. Mukamatenthetsa mchere umagwera mumsewu, womwe umadziwika kuti ndi pang'ono. Kudzikundikira mkati mwa mapaipi ndi mabatire, sikelo amalepheretsa kusamutsa kutentha ndikuthandizira kuvala njira yotentha.
Njira yotsika mtengo kwambiri ya madzi ofewetsa otentha akuwiritsa. M'matenthedwe okonzekeretsa, kaboni monoxide imachotsedwa, chifukwa chake calciumle imachepa kwambiri. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa calcium inakali m'madzi, motero kuthetsa malire owiritsa sangachite bwino.
Njira ina yoyeretsa ndiyo kugwiritsa ntchito zosefera ndi zosokoneza (osalowerera) pang'ono, monga: laimu, caustic soda, kuwerengera koloko, koloko. Madzi okhwima amadutsanso pa zosefera kuchokera ku ion kusinthana matein, pomwe potaziyamu ndi magnesium ndi magnesium ion amasinthidwa ndi sodium.
Kugwiritsa ntchito Sofics Magnetic kumakhala kwa njira zosavomerezeka za madzi osavomerezeka. Mothandizidwa ndi maginito, katundu wamadzi amasintha mwanjira yoti potaziyamu ndi magnesium mchere amataya mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe olimba ndikukhala ngati sludge. Komabe, mchere amakhalabe m'madzi ndipo ayenera kukhala oyenera. Kuphatikiza apo, njirayi siyothandiza kwambiri pamadzi otentha pamwamba pa 70-75 madigiri (i.e., kutentha, kwabwino kwa obowola madzi, ma bootes).
Kuyeretsa koyipa ndi kufooketsa madzi onse, madzi kufewetsa kutentha ndi ma system amadzi otentha (DHW).
Kuyeretsa ndi njira yosinthira Osmosis ndikulowa m'madzi kudzera mu nembanemba yapadera, kuchedwa kuwononga zinthu. Izi zimakuthandizani kuti muchotse mchere wa calcium ndi magnesiamu, zomwe zimayambitsa sikelo. Koma njirayi imakhala ndi zovuta: mtengo wokwera wa zida zotsuka ndi kumwa madzi ambiri poyeretsa (1 lita imodzi ya madzi oyera, pafupifupi malita 2 mpaka 10 amaphatikizidwa muzombudzi).
Madzi ofewa kwambiri, mwachitsanzo, mvula kapena kuvulaza dongosolo loti kutentha sikochepera, chifukwa mchere wa calcivin womwe umapezeka m'madzi osalowerera, akuchepetsa chilengedwe. Chifukwa chake, musanagwiritse ntchito mvula kapena kusungunuka madzi dongosolo, ndikofunikira kuti muthe kukhazikitsa masiku angapo ndikuthira, mutangotsimikizira kuti pH yake ili mkati 6.5-8, koma osatsika. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri ngati makondowo adapangidwa ndi mapaipi omwe sakumwazikana, omwe adayamba kutukwana.
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Kuyeretsa koyipa, kuwonongeka kwamphamvu ndi kugontha kwa madzi onse, kuchotsedwa kwa chlorine yowonjezera ndi silraps madzi madzi, madzi kufewetsa matenthedwe ndi dhw.
Chitsulo chovomerezeka chamadzi mumadzi azaukadaulo, makamaka, chifukwa cha kutentha, sikuyenera kupitirira 1 mg / l. Chizindikiro chabwino ndi 0.3 mg / l. Zowonjezera zachitsulo zimatsogolera ku chenjezo lamkati la mapaipi ndi kubereka mu mabakiteriya am'madzi a mabakiteriya, omwe amachitika makamaka pa 30-40 digiri ya kutentha. Izi zimabweretsa kuvala kwachangu kwa madzi otentha ndi kutentha.
Njira yosavuta yosinthira ndikukhazikika. Mothandizidwa ndi oxygen, chitsulo chopezeka m'madziwokha chikhala oxidized, ndikupanga chibwibwi chambiri. Kuti mukwaniritse kusasokoneza palokha, mufunika thanki yayikulu ndi mphamvu ya exygen jakisoni: Kukhazikitsa kwa compressing kapena compressor (kwa masitima ang'onoang'ono).
Kwa madzi otsogola, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito chimodzimodzi monga kufewetsa, ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira yosinthira osmosis. Amagwiritsanso ntchito zosefera ndi ion kusinthana mateke. Popewa kubereka kubala, chyarination (50 mg / l) imagwiritsidwa ntchito, koma iyenera kukhala yoyamba kudziwa kuchuluka kwa madera amadzi omwe amagwirizana ndi chlorine.
Ngati zitsulo zam'madzi zili m'madzi opitilira 5 mg / l (zomwe sizili zachilendo zamadzi kuchokera kuzitsime), ndiye kuti muyeretse mchenga, zosefera ndi Manganese Manganese, amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Popeza atadutsa pakati paofalitsira omwe amagwira ntchito ngati yotamata ya oxidation, madzi ndikuchotsa chitsulo, manganese ndi hydrogen sulfide, yomwe imagwera pampando. Ngati zosefera zoterezi, zimayenera kutsukidwa ndi mayankho omwe amabwezeretsa mphamvu ya oxidative (potaziyamu permanganate yankho). Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti ndi njira yotsuka, mankhwala ovulaza amaphatikizira dongosolo la chimbudzi, kotero ndikololedwa pokhapokha ngati pali tsamba la chimbudzi.
Kuchotsa kuipitsidwa kwamakina, manganese, tizilombo tandis, oxygen
Kuyeretsa kwamadzi, kunyalanyaza mpweya wosungunuka, kusinthitsa, kuyeretsa kwa nthawi, kufewetsa ndi kufewetsa madzi.
Kuchotsa zosanja zachitatu (mchenga, peat, phyto ndi zooplankton, dongo losaya, ndi zina zambiri), zosefera zosiyanasiyana. Ndi zodetsa nkhawa kwambiri, zosemphana ndi zopindika ndi zoponderezedwa (quartz mchenga, claymzite, kaboni, anthracite) amagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Mbali yowoneka bwino kwambiri ya kukhalapo kwa manganese ndi mpweya wakuda. Kukhazikika kwake sikupitilira 2 mg / l, koma mokhazikika kwa 0,05 mg / l, manganese amatha kuyikidwa pamakoma a mapaipi, pang'onopang'ono kuwaletsa. Nthawi zambiri, manganese imasungunuka m'madzi limodzi ndi zida, kuti kusokonekera kumachitika ndi chinyengo cha madzi nthawi yomweyo. Zosefera ndi ion Kusinthanitsa matein kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa manganese.
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Pofuna kuwononga madzi a tizilombo toyambitsa, ndiye kuti, kuchotsedwa kwa ma virus, mabakiteriya, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, otsachi, chlorination ndi magetsi a ultraviolet ndi mafunde a 200 mpaka 200 nm.
Kutsuka koyipa, kuwonongeka kwamphamvu ndi unyinji, madzi anafewetsa, kuchotsedwa kwa mankhwalawa owonjezera a chlorine, kumaliza kuyera kokwanira.
Njira ya Ultraviolet ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yopangira madzi am'madzi pakati pa zomwe zili pamwambapa, popeza sizikhudza kapangidwe kake, kugunda ma microornasms. Kuchepetsa Madzi pogwiritsa ntchito kukhazikitsa kwa UV kumachitika m'masekondi angapo.
Ntchito zamadzi zimadalira kwambiri pamaso pa oxygen kusungunuka mkati mwake. Mlingo wa mpweya wosungunuka wa njira yotsekedwa komanso yotseguka ndi yomwe imafanana ndi yopanda kanthu kosaposa 0,05 mg / cebic metres. Kuti muchepetse kuchuluka kwa mpweya m'madzi, makonda ndi zigawo ndi zigawo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Chifukwa chake, mpweyawo sulowa m'misika youziramo m'njira zina (ndi mpweya), muyenera kutsatira umphumphu ndi kuunjika kwa dongosolo ndipo musadzaze msanga, chifukwa zimathandizira kupangika kwa magalimoto. Ngati machubu ochokera ku zinthu zowonongeka, mwachitsanzo, polyethylene amagwiritsidwa ntchito, ayenera kutetezedwa ndi kulowetsedwa-kulowetsedwa-kulowetsedwa-kulowetsedwa osanjikiza a aluminiyamu.
Kusamba Kutentha Kuchokera pamlingo
Kuyeretsa koyipa ndikusiya madzi onse, madzi kufewetsa, kuchotsa madzi owonjezera chlorine ndi soroviolet, matenda a ultraviolet.
Kukonzekera kwamadzi kwa matenthedwe kumaphatikizapo: kukonza makina kutsutsidwa, kuchepetsa, m'chipululu, ngati kuli kofunikira, kuyika matenda. Kuti mudzaze dongosolo lotentha, madzi osokonezeka ndi oyenera, anatopa, ku Thaia kapena mvula. Madzi owotchera ndi kutukuka ndi zoletsa zowonjezera zimagulitsidwa m'masitolo apadera. Ndibwino chifukwa sikuyenera kukonzedwa musanadzaze dongosolo la kutentha.
Kukonzekera kwamadzi kodziwika bwino sikuchotsa kufunika kotsatira dongosolo la kutentha, makamaka m'nyumba yakwawo. Ndi kuwonongeka kowonekera mu mtundu wa ntchito yotenthetsera mabatire, dongosolo lotsuka limachitika. Madzi ophatikizira chifukwa cha izi, ndiye kuti ma radiators amasungunuka. Pansi pa kusamba kumakutidwa ndi ziphuphu, dzenje lofufuzira limakutidwa ndi ma mesh kotero kuti zidutswa zotchinga zomwe zimakhalapo sizifika kumeneko. Kenako, radiator yokhala ndi mapulagini ochotsedwa imabweretsedwa m'bafa.
Kutulutsa kumachitika ndi payipi yosinthika, kuchotsa kusamba kuthirira. Radiator pa nthawi yotsuka iyenera kutembenuka nthawi. Bar yazitsulo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kutulutsa zigawo zikuluzikulu. Kutsiliza mwachidule pomwe magawo a sikelo ndi madzi amasiya kusamba radiator ndipo madzi ndiowonekera.