Kugona (kukhazikitsa) kumawombera kumadzichita nokha
Ndiye, muyenera kudziwa chiyani kukhazikitsa ma slabs okwanira?
Nayi mndandanda wazomwezo zomwe zimapereka kukonzanso kodalirika komanso kokhazikika:
- Kwenikweni, kukhazikitsa mbale;
- Kupindika;
- Kudzaza mipata yaying'ono pakati pa mbale;
- Kutseka malekezero a ma sfwo kuti ateteze ku kuzizira;
- Kuluma hatch kapena Lazium mu Slab kuti mulowetse chipinda cha chipinda;
- Kupeza kukula kwa slab podula;
- Kugwiritsa ntchito mosamala pomanga mbale ndi kupewa ming'alu.
Choyamba, lingalirani za chiphunzitsocho. Zinthu zosiyanasiyana zamagetsi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zophulika m'nyumba:
- Zochulukitsa;
- mbizerani zoponderezedwa zoyesedwa;
- Mahema okhala ndi nthiti yomwe ili mozungulira mozungulira. Nthawi zambiri, masamba ngati amenewa amawombera chipinda chonse;
- mapanelo olimba;
- Onlithic odutsa.
Njira iliyonse yopitilira muyeso imakhala ndi zabwino zake komanso zowawa. Mwachitsanzo, ochulukitsa monolithic amafunikira nthawi yambiri yokweza ndipo ndiokwera mtengo kwambiri. Mbale zodulidwa, kukhala ndi kukula kokwanira, sizikhala koyenera nthawi zonse kuti zigule zipinda, miyeso yake siyikuwazungulira.
Pakumangamanga panja, kugwa komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha mitengo yokhazikika yolimbikitsidwa. Ambiri mwa iwo atha kukhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana: kuchokera pachiwonetserocho.
Kutchuka kwawo kumafotokozedwa ndi zabwino zingapo poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina ya overlaps:
- Chifukwa cha kupanda pake kodzala ndi mpweya, mbale zoterezi zimasungabe kutentha, kukhala ogwiritsa ntchito mafuta, komanso kuchulukitsa kwakukulu;
- Poyerekeza ndi mbale zina, pali kunenepa pang'ono, kuchepetsa katundu pazinthu zothandizira.
Momwe mungafupitsire mbale yotsika?
Ma mbale oyimilirawo amapangidwa chifukwa cha kulamula, koma pali zochitika zilizonse pakakhala kufunika kochepetsa, mwachitsanzo, kulakwitsa kapena kupanga dzenje mu slabb kuti mulowetse chipindacho. Zikatero, slab iyenera kukhala wosadulidwa pogwiritsa ntchito chopukusira, scrap ndi cam. Ngakhale kuti pali zokwanira za mbale, zimadulidwa mosavuta - mphindi 40 zokwanira kudula zowonjezera masentimita a mbale yokhala ndi 1.2 m.
Momwe mungachitire izi? Ganizirani zomwe mungasankhe kudula slab mogwirizana. Kudula mbaleyo, kumayenera kukhalapo molunjika, kuyika zingwe pansi pake ndikugwiritsa ntchito mizereyo pomwe idzafupikitsa. Linga liyenera kukhala molondola pansi pa mzere wa chizindikiro cha chizindikirocho, osati kuzungulira m'mphepete. Mwachitsanzo, muyenera kudula chitofu theka. Kuti muchite izi, mtunda wa 500 mm kuchokera m'mphepete, mzerewo umachitika pamwamba pa mbale, ndipo zingwe zimayikidwa pansi pake. Ngati chingwecho sichikhala pansi pa cholembera, ndipo pafupi, ndikudula, konkriti kudzakhala, zomwe zimatchedwa "mafuta".
Malinga ndi mzere wodziwika bwino, chitofu chimadulidwa ndi chibowo ndi disc pa konkreti. Pambuyo pake, muyenera kugogoda cam pampando wopanda pake. Kuwombera kuyenera kukhala ndi voids, osati nthiti. Nthawi zambiri, chitofu chimakhala ndi kuwonjezeka kwa 8-4. Zochita izi zimabwerezedwa kudutsa gawo lonse la mbale. Kuti muwononge nthiti, pali zowagwedeza ndi zomwezo, zomwe zili mkati mwanga, osati pamwamba. Chithandizo chosafunikira, chopanda thandizo kuchokera pansi, chidzapulumutsidwa pansi pa kulemera kwake, zomwe zimathandizira ndikuwongolera njira yodulira. Kenako, mothandizidwa ndi sprap, khoma lapansi la chitoliro limapangidwa, lomwe valavu imapezeka. Pamwamba pa zolimbitsa thupi zimatsukidwa bwino kuchokera ku konkriti, pambuyo pake imadulidwa ndi chopukusira pogwiritsa ntchito disk yachitsulo.
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Nyama yofupikitsidwa idzakhala ndi malire osalala odulidwa, omwe pambuyo pake akuyenera kukonzedwa ndi yankho ndi yankho lothetsa vuto lomwe silinalimbikitse chitofu.
Mbale imatha kudulidwa. Tekinoloje ili pafupi chimodzimodzi, koma imafunikira kuyesetsa pang'ono komanso nthawi yambiri, chifukwa kutalika kwake kuli m'lifupi. Pankhaniyi, kampu iyenera kugawidwa khoma lokha la kupanda utimawo kuyenda, pomwe adachitapo chilema chojambulidwa ndi chopukusira pamzere wolinganiza. Khoma lotsika la chitoliro limasweka pa crowbar. Mu njira yodulira konkriti ya konkriti padzakhala bala losalala lokhala ndi gridi ndi mainchesi 3-8 mm. Amatha kudulidwa ndi chopukusira.
Mukadula zodulira, ndikofunikira kuganizira kuti ndi yovuta Ndipo imatha kusunga chosakanizira cha chopukusira. Mwakuti izi sizichitika, mitengo yolimbikitsidwa imangopangidwanso mpaka kumapeto, kenako mawonekedwe omwe alipo akulekanitsidwa kumapeto ndi scrap kapena sharge. Njira ina yodalirika yodulira zodulira - pogwiritsa ntchito autogen.
Mulingo wofananitsa womwe coil yozungulira yozungulira imadulidwa, kufunafuna kuti siokhalitsa. Koma sichoncho. M'malo mwake, chitofuchi chitha kuthana ndi katundu mpaka 800 kg / m2, omwe amadziwika ndi zolimbitsa ndi nthiti.
Momwe mungadulire dzenje mu mbale yakugwa?
Momwemonso, ma slabs adadula. Popeza m'mbali mwake, m'mphepete mwake tidzayang'aniridwa, ndibwino kuyesa kuwapangitsa kukhala osalala momwe tingathere. Kuti muchite izi, pazomwe mungafune kupanga chisanachitike ndi chopukusira.
Luka amadula mbali ziwiri za mbale ziwiri, monganso kugawa malo ake pakati pawo. Kukula kwa kuwaswa kumadalira kutalika kwa mbale ndi kuchuluka kwa katundu wawo, komanso kuchokera ku mtundu wa masitepe omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mkuluwo komanso wotsika pang'ono, zomwe mungadule. Katundu kuchokera ku nyumba zomanga zochokera ku mbale zomwe zimachepetsa kwambiri malo ovomerezeka. Kwa masitepe a mano, kuwaswa nthawi zambiri kumachulukanso 900x900 mm, kutalika kwake kwa ma 1.2 mg.
Kugwiritsa ntchito masitepe omatira sikosavuta nthawi zonse. Ayenera kukhazikitsa, ndiye tengani, ndipo kusintha kwawo m'malo mwake kukhala kosadalirika, makamaka ngati pali masitepe akale. Zosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito masitepe a masitepe. Amakhala okhazikika pachikuto cha kuwaswa ndikuwonjezera pomwe yatsekedwa, osakhala m'dera losafunikira. Kukula kwa masitepe otere kumakhala ndi miyeso ya 600x1200 mm, 600x1300 mm, 700x1200 mm kapena 700x1400 mm. Mbali yayikulu ya kuwaswa kuyenera kuyikidwa m'mbali mwa mbale.
Momwe mungadulire chipindacho ngati pang'ono pang'ono mulibe kutalika kwa mbale?
Chipindacho chikapangidwa, zitha kutembenukira kuti miyeso yake siyijambulidwe ndi mitundu ya mbale, zomwe zimayambitsa mapangidwe a mbale kapena pakati pa chitofu ndi khoma. Mutha kudula chidutswa chosowa chomwe chilipo, koma ndi yayitali komanso yovuta. Pali njira zosavuta zothetsera vutoli.
Mwachitsanzo, taganizirani za nthawi yomwe ikukweza mbale pakati pa chitofu chomaliza ndipo khomalo limakhalabe ndi pakati pa theka la mita. Zoyenera kuchita pankhaniyi? Pali zosankha zingapo. Choyamba lingalirani zosavuta. Kuchuluka kwa kusiyana kwa kusiyana - 500 mm - amagawidwa m'magawo awiri - 250 mm. Mbale yoyamba itakhazikika mtunda wa 250 mm kuchokera kukhoma, ndiye kuti mbale zonse zikakhazikika. Zotsatira zake, kusiyana kwa 250 mm pakati pa slab yomaliza ndi khoma. Zopezekazo zimakhazikitsidwa ndi zopindika za shlakoblock, komwe makhoma amangidwa. Nthawi yomweyo, slagloblock imakhazikika popumira popumira muchitofu. Ndikofunikira kuyika malo a slag kuti mabowo ake atumizidwa kumbali, osati mpaka pansi. Khoma lakunja lomwe lidzayatsanso chinsinsi, limbikitsani kusintha kwake.
Kapangidwe kameneka, ngakhale kuti zikuwoneka kuti zosavomerezeka, zimakhala zolimba. Ngati wina akukayikira kuthekera kwa chonyamulira cha slag, mutha kuyambitsa mipatayo podzaza zowombera, kukhazikitsa zolimbitsa kapena zomangira zomangira pamwamba pawo. Nthawi yomweyo, ndodo zokhala ndi mainchesi 6 mm zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.
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Njira ina yothetsera kusiyana ndiko gawo la kukula kwake pakati pa mbale. Mwachitsanzo, pali mbale zowonjezera theka ndi mbale zokulirapo, pakati pa mipata zisanu ndi zinai za 55 mm iliyonse. Chifukwa chiyani ndendende 55 mm? Mtengo wonse wa 500 mm umagawidwa mu kuchuluka kwa mafupa - 9. Zotsatira zake ndi 55 mm.
Pulofu yoyambayo imakhazikika pakhoma. Wachiwiri ndi wodziwika kuyambira woyamba mpaka 55 mm, etc. Pulogalamu yotentha iyenera kuchita mantha kukhoma.
Pansi pa kusiyana kulikonse kumamangiriridwa board omwe amatenga gawo la forforma ntchito. Galimoto yakale imayikidwa mu mawonekedwe ndi matope ndi matope a sinkrete imatsanulidwa.
Kuphulika kwa slab kudutsa. Zoyenera kuchita ndipo chifukwa chiyani izi zimachitika?
Nthawi zina pantchito yomanga iyo ikakhala kuti slab slab yasweka musanakonzedwe. Kodi chifukwa chake ndi chiyani? Nthawi zambiri ming'alu imawoneka ndi malo osungira kapena mayendedwe. Ponena za kusungirako, ma slabs ayenera kusungidwa mwanjira inayake ndi momwe zinthu zingapo zimakhalira.
Mapulogalamu ayenera kukhala mu stack kuti asakhudze dothi. Pansi pa mbale yotsika yomwe muyenera kuyika maziko odalirika osakhazikika, apo ayi chinyezi chimagwera pachitofu, chomwe chingapangitse ming'alu.
Maziko ayenera kukhala olimba ndi okwera mokwanira. Chifukwa mitengo ingapo imadalira, imatha kufunsidwa, koma ngakhale atatumizidwa, mbale yapansi siyenera kukhudza dothi. Ngati, potumiza maziko a dothi, pakati pa mbale pansi zimakhudza, ming'alu imawoneka osati yokha, komanso pa matovu amenewo omwe ali pamwambawa.
Mbale zimasungidwa bwino pamalo opingasa.
Ma gasket amaikidwa pakati pa mbale - njanji zamatabwa. Akayika, muyenera kuganizira:
- makulidwe a njanji zomwe zimalepheretsa kugunda kwa mbale zapadera;
- Malo a njanji zomwe zimayenera kukhala chimodzi koposa chimzake;
- Mtunda kuchokera pa njanji mpaka m'mphepete mwa mbaleyo iyenera kukhala 0.2-0. m.
Pansi pa zinthu zonse ndi kupezeka kwa maziko okwanira, khola limakhala ndi mizere 8-10 ya mbale, zomwe zili mpaka 2.5 m kutalika. Kutalika kwambiri ndikovomerezeka.
Zochita ndi chitofu chosweka? Nditha kudutsa nyumba yake?
Koma kodi mungatani ngati chitofu chidasweka kale, ndipo ndizotheka kuzigwiritsa ntchito mtsogolo?M'malo mwake, omanga nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito zingwe zopitilira muyeso, kotero ngati ming'aluyo ndi yaying'ono, ntchito inanso yomwe ingatheke. Chinthu chachikulu sichikuwathamangitsa kwambiri ndikuwakwaniritsa.
Nawa zitsanzo, komwe kuli bwino kukhazikitsa mbale zosemedwa:
- Zolinga za kunja kapena khoma lonyamula mpaka 0.1-0.15 m. Nthawi yomweyo, chitofu chimadalira makhoma atatu osati kokha m'mphepete lalifupi, komanso motalika. Kukwera kowonjezereka kwa mbale kumaperekedwa ndi makoma apamwamba omwe amakanikizidwa mokhulupirika. Njirayi nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mbale yokhala ndi ming'alu yayikulu;
- ikani slab pamalopo okhazikitsa njerwa, zomwe zidalipo pambuyo pake;
- Khazikitsani mbale yamphesa pakati pa manambala awiri. Pali ma dzimbiri pakati pa mbale pakukhazikitsa, zomwe zimasindikizidwa bwino ndi yankho, ndikupanga pafupifupi kudutsa monolithic.
- Ikani slab m'malo okhala ndi katundu wochepa. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati tambala wa pabwalo, pomwe katunduyo alipo, chinthu chachikulu ndikuti zinthu zomwe zimapangidwira padenga sizimamasula;
- Ndi kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa mbale, pomwe mpweya umakhala waukulu (pafupifupi 4-10 mm) kapena zingapo za iwo, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito gawo, kudulawonongeka.
Ngati simulimbikitsa chitofu chokhazikika, mutha kulimbikitsa mphamvu zake pokulitsa zokutira pansi. Kuwala konkriti kotsimikizika kumagawana katunduyo pakati pa mbale zonse ndipo kumalimbitsa kapangidwe kake.
Kukopa kolumikizana pakati pa mbale
Funso lotsatirali likufunsidwa ndikulowera ma dzimbiri. Dzimbiri ndi malo opangira mbali zazitali zam'mbali za mbale zapadera. Kugwa kolimba ndi kolimba, dzimbiri zonse ziyenera mphamvu ndi yankho. Ma mbale oyimilira ali ndi maloko mbali za mbali za mawonekedwe ozungulira. Mukathira dzimbiri, izi zimadzaza konkriti, kupereka malo odalirika a mbale. Kusonkhanitsa koteroko kotereku kumagwira ntchito ngati monolith.
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Pakati pa zimbudzi zimatha kupangidwa, popanga mbali molakwika mbali ndi malo. Akalumikizidwa, kufufuzidwako ndi kotsika, pomwe pamwamba pa mbale amakomedwa. Monga momwe mungathere kungoganiza, zonyansa kwa konkriti kotero dzimbiri chotere poyamba ndizovuta. Koma si zonse zowopsa. Pondikakamiza dzimbiri, mbale zoyandikana sizikhala zolumikizidwa, koma ndi kusiyana pang'ono pafupifupi 2-3 cm. Chofunika kuyenera kukhala kumtunda kwa mbale komwe angamatime. Kuchokera pansi pa madzi kutalika konse kwa dzimbiri, bolodi yamatabwa imamangidwa - mawonekedwe a konkriti. Njira yothetsera vutoli imathiridwa kudzera mu mpweya wapamwamba mu dzimbiri. Mwa kusasinthika, yankho lake siliyenera kukhala landiweyani, liyenera kufalikira kutalika konse. Koma madzi ambiri sayenera kuchitika. Pambuyo pa yankho kuti chisanu, m'mphepete mwa Rusta zitha kuganiziridwa.
Ukadaulo wakuda
Kodi ndi chiyani chinanso chomwe chiyenera kutchera khutu mukakhazikitsa mbale zozungulira? Zachidziwikire, chifukwa cha zida zachitetezo. Kukhazikitsa kumachitika kutalika pogwiritsa ntchito zida zapadera, zomwe ziyenera kuganiziridwa mukamagwira ntchito.
Mapulogalamu amatuluka ndikukakamizidwa kugwiritsa ntchito kagalimoto. Mbalewo amapezeka pa yankho, kotero kwa mphindi 10-20 amatha kusuntha sprap, mpaka atakhala malo oyenera. Pa zoweta, mbale ziyenera kutengera 0,12-0.15 m.
Ndikofunikira kupanga nyengo yabwino kwambiri mukayika mbale. Mwachitsanzo, mbale ndi yankho zitha kukwezedwa ku mbale yoyamba yomwe idakhazikitsidwa kuti musagwe pambuyo pake. Machute amasefukira ndi yankho lomweli. Zotere, poyang'ana koyamba, zinthu zazing'ono nthawi zambiri zimatenga nthawi ndi nyonga zambiri.
Kukhazikitsa kumamalizidwa, ayenera kutseka malekezero awo kuteteza ku kuzizira. Ngati chitofu chopumira kukhoma lakunja, kutha kwa chimaliziro kudzawonjezera kutentha mnyumba ndipo sikungapatsidwe mkati mwa kuzizira.
Kutha kumapeto kwa ma slab, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito imodzi mwanjira zotsatirazi:
- Dzazani msuzi wa ubweya wa ubweya wa mchere wokhala ndi 0.2-0.3 m kuya;
- Tsanulirani zopanda pake ndi njira yowunikira yolondola ndi 0.12-0.25 m mukuya kapena kukhazikitsa konkriti.
- Tsekani chidwi ndi njerwa yangozi pa yankho, kenako tsekani pamwamba ndi yankho; Mutha kuyika njerwa ya chaka chimodzi chopukutira mdzenje.
Nthawi zina, chitofu chimayandikira kwambiri. Pakusowa pakati pawo komanso malekezero osasindikizidwa, chitofu chimayamba kuwuma mu nyengo yozizira, kuphimba madzi oundana m'nyumba. Chitofu choterechi chidzakhala gwero la kuzizira mnyumbamo, ndipo ndi otenthedwa pamwamba pake adzapanga "mame" chifukwa cha kusiyana kwamphamvu. Ngati mbale zoterezi zilipo kale m'nyumba yomalizidwa, mumamvetsetsa vutolo, zimasokoneza makhoma ndipo palibe amene adzatseka malekezero. Vutoli litha kuthetsedwa m'njira zochepa. Pachifukwa ichi, ojambulawo amawuma ndi dzenje m'mapaipi owundana kuchokera kumbali ya "Vuto" mbale. Chubu chokhala ndi khoma lakunja lakunja limayikidwa kudzenje, lomwe limaphulika. Nthawi yomweyo, chubu kuchokera ku thovu, atakhala m'chitoliro mpaka 0.1-0.2 m. Idzasewera gawo la kutentha kwamiyala.
Tsekani malekezerowo sikuti ndi omwe amangochokera ku mbale zomwe zimachokera kumakoma akunja, komanso mwa iwo omwe amadalira makhoma akuluakulu amkati. Pazikhalidwe zomanga, malekezero ali pafupi ndi ma slabs kuyambira pomwepo mpaka pansi. Mwachitsanzo, nyumba yosungapo ziwiri ili ndi zokutira zitatu: pakati papansi ndi pansi yoyamba, pakati pa pansi pa chipinda chachiwiri ndi chachiwiri. Pankhaniyi, amatseka malekezero a mbale omwe ali padenga lanyumba kuti athandize kapangidwe kameneka komwe kumawona kuti katundu wamkulu kuchokera kumwamba. Mapeto amathiridwa ndi yankho la konkriti kapena kuyikidwa ndi njerwa imodzi ndi theka. Ndikosavuta kuchita zosavuta kukhala kosavuta kuyika mbalezo, kuziyika pamalo oyimirira.