Akhungu ndi zida zosinthira kuchuluka kwa mawonekedwe opepuka m'chipindacho. Khalani ndi lamellae kapena wofuula wolumikizidwa. Zogulitsa nthawi zambiri zimayendetsedwa pamanja, koma mitundu imapangidwa ndi kuyendetsa nokha.
Kutanthauzira kwa Mawu akhungu Wikipedia amatanthauzira ngati nsanje, kaduka. Mawu ochokera ku Chifalansa ndi okhala ku East, omwe amateteza zokongoletsera za zipinda ndi akazi awo kuchokera ku mawonedwe. Munkhaniyi, lingalirani mitundu yamitundu mitundu ndi mawonekedwe awo.
Mbiri ya mawonekedwe a akhungu
Kwa nthawi yoyamba, khungu limatchulidwa m'zaka za m'ma 1800
Kupanga zinthu zomwe zimafana ndi khungu lamakono, zimazikidwa m'mbuyomu.
Kunena za Akhungu omwe amateteza Windows kuchokera kulowera kuunika kwa kuwala kumachokera ku Philadelphia, DATE 17, Yomwe adapanga Wopanga A John Webs, poyambira Chingerezi.
Mu Egypt wakale wochokera ku dzuwa adatetezedwa ndi mizere ya nzimbe
Malinga ndi magwero ena omwe angaoneke kuti analogues akhungu amakono mu mawonekedwe a masamba amtundu wa Bamboo adagwiritsidwa ntchito kum'mawa kuteteza zipinda kuchokera ku dzuwa lotentha.
Mafumu akale aku Egypt amagwiritsa ntchito zingwe kuti ateteze chipindacho.
Akazi Curtankankam ankakonda kumira chidwi cha odutsawo, chomwe chimatha kuwona chithunzi chawo pakati pa khungu lotseguka khungu.
Zotsekera -khungu
Mu Middle Ages ku Europe, zida zobisika zomwe zimabisala azimayi kuchipindacho chifukwa cha malingaliro a avesseby adagwiritsidwa ntchito. Adapangidwa ndi mitengo yamatabwa yopingasa ndi nsalu.
Kulengeza zakhumi pa masamba a nyuzipepala akale
Pang'onopang'ono, akhungu anayamba kufalikira padziko lonse lapansi, anakafika ku America, anali atalamulidwa ndi zinthu zamagulu ogwiritsa ntchito bwino a John Hampon mu 1941, Julayi 28. Zinasintha pa chipangizocho, ndikuwonjezera makina owongolera Mabuku. Pambuyo pake, mankhwalawa adayamba, zinthuzo zidapangidwa kwambiri pakati pa anthu.
Ku Russia, akhungu ndi owongoka ngati akhungu malinga ndi wikipedia adayamba kutchuka kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la makumi awiri.
Tanthauzo la otsekera
Akhungu amapangidwa ndi makina ndi zowongolera zokha, kuyimira chipangizo chopangidwa ndi:
- Ma eaves, omwe amapangidwa mu makina, kutsogolera lamelolas poyenda;
- zopingasa, zofuula za lamellas kapena minofu zitha.
- Zowonjezera (maunyolo, zingwe, ma cannes).
Malinga ndi zinthu zambiri, zinthu zophunzirira zimawerengedwa pa:
- zopingasa;
- odekha;
- Zotupa zogulira ndi ogudubuza.
Kutengera ndi zomwe zagawanika:
- aluminiyamu;
- pulasitiki;
- nsungwi;
- nsalu;
- Milirefuct.
Lamelolas amaphatikizidwa pamiyala, imasinthana, aliyense wa iwo atha kusinthidwa ngati pangafunike.
Masamba apulasitiki ndi ocheperako, amawotcha, achikasu ndikuphwanya chifukwa cha kuwala kwa dzuwa. Zipangizo zotsalazo (aluminium, bamboo, nsalu) imatha kukhala zaka 10 mpaka 25.
Akhungu ndiosavuta kusintha ndikusankha mkati
Mau abwino
Akhungu ndi mtundu wa makatani a zenera, koma ndi magwiridwe antchito, ali ndi zabwino zambiri:- malamulo a kuchuluka kwa zowunikira m'nyumba;
- Kuteteza anthu ku alendo;
- Osasokoneza kudutsa mpweya pomwe zenera limatseguka;
- osankhidwa mkati mwa mkati mwa chipinda;
- Omasuka mu kasamalidwe, yosavuta kusamalira.
Osankhidwa moyenera mkati mwa akhungu akhumudwitsimutsanso zabwino zonse za kapangidwe kake.
Kutsekedwa
Akhungu opingasa ndi mizere yopingasa yolumikizidwa ndi ma eaves, olumikizidwanso pogwiritsa ntchito chingwe.
Nkhani pamutu: muyankhule ndi manja anu: 3 Njira - kuchokera ulusi, kuluka ndi maula
Zipangizo Zopangira:
- Mitundu yauluminayamu yamitundu yosiyanasiyana, m'lifupi 16, 25, 35 mm. Khalani ndi moyo wautali, wokutidwa ndi utoto ndi mtundu wamagalimoto, osazimiririka, musaswe. Ngati gululo lagwada, kayendedwe kali pa Bend Malo.
Malangizo Akhungu
- Zida zopangira zopangidwa pansi nkhuni, lamella m'lifupi 25, 50 mm. Ndizotsika mtengo kuposa zida zachilengedwe, mtundu wapamwamba kwambiri kutsata nkhuni, yosavuta kusankha mtundu ndi utoto kuti upangidwe m'chipindacho.
- Zipangizo Zachilengedwe: Wood, bamboo amapatsa mkati mwa chipindacho chitonthozo chowonjezera. Zabwino kwambiri kuchotsedwa kwa malo okhala kale. Zopanga, m'lifupi mwake mabandi 25 ndi 50 mm ndi mithunzi yachilengedwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zimawononga ndalama zotsika mtengo chifukwa chosowa pakupanga zinthu zakuthupi kuti zikhale zolimba komanso nyonga.
- Mitundu ya pulasitiki imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo opezeka anthu ambiri, khalani ndi mtengo wocheperako, koma kuwotcha ndikuthyoledwa mutawonekera kuti ndi dzuwa.
Mukakhazikitsa khungu lopingasa pa SASH, Gulani mawonekedwe pansi, zimalepheretsa kuti malonda apulumutsidwe pomwe zenera latsegulidwa mu mpweya wabwino.
Zogulitsa zimaphatikizidwa pazenera mothandizidwa ndi zitsulo ziwiri zachitsulo, ngati kuli kotheka, chimanga chimachotsedwa mosavuta kuchokera ku makonzedwe.
Akhungu amapangidwa molingana ndi kukula kwake ndi kapangidwe kake, mutha kuyitanitsa kusindikiza zithunzi. Mitundu yapulasitiki imagulitsidwa mu mawonekedwe omalizidwa, amayambitsa kukula kwambiri.
Malamulo Oyenda Akhungu Akhungu
Kuti mupeze malonda kwa nthawi yayitali, muyenera kuwongolera moyenera:
- Amasintha kuchuluka kwa kuwala posintha ngodya ya lamelolas, pogwiritsa ntchito chipongwe cha nzimbe;
- Kukweza calvas, ndikukoka chingwe pansi, ndikusiyirani, kukoka chingwe;
- Kuti tikonze pamalo ofunikira, timatenga chingwe kuchokera pakati pa chovalacho ndikusiya.
Musanakweze / kusiya tsamba, muyenera kutembenuza mavuwo kukhala malo oyimirira pansi.
Nsalu zopindika
Malume akhungu omwe amasiyidwa nthawi zambiri amakhala opangidwa ndi nsalu zophatikizika ndi nyimbo zapadera.
Akhungu amangogwiritsidwa ntchito osati muofesi, malo aboma, komanso nyumba zokhala nyumba. Ndili ndi combice okhala ndi zingwe zolumikizidwa ndi izi, zomwe zimaphatikizidwa pansi mothandizidwa ndi omwe amagwira.
Lamellae amapangidwa ndi minofu yophatikizidwa ndi mapangidwe apadera omwe amapatsa kachulukidwe, antitastic ndi onyansa. Nsalu mutha kusankha kachulukidwe, kuwonekera, mawonekedwe, mtundu woyenera mkati mwa chipindacho.
Mtundu wa Akhungu
Mitundu Yoyeserera:
- kuleka;
- pa kutsegulira;
- Mkati mwatseguka.
Kuwongolera:
- Lamels adasunthika kumanja kapena kumanzere;
- adasunthidwa m'mphepete mpaka pakati;
- Mzerewo ukuchoka kutali ndi m'mbali, ndikusunthira kumanja kapena kumanzere.
Unyolo wolamulira umapezeka mbali ina iliyonse. M'lifupi mwake nsalu 89 ndi 127 mm. Moyenerera akhungu otsetsereka, onani vidiyoyi:
Mizere yodziwika bwino ya m'lifupi, ya lamelolas yayikulu imawoneka bwino molumikizana ndi mawindo akuluakulu.
Akhungu Osinjirira apulasitiki
Akhungu omwe ali ndi khungu ndi pulasitiki amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'masitolo, maofesi, malo azachipatala, nyumba zapakhomo, zoyenera zipinda zokhala ndi chinyezi chambiri.Musafune chisamaliro chapadera kuti muyeretse fumbi mokwanira kupukuta ndi nsalu yonyowa.
Zithunzi Zosangalatsa zapulasitiki Zoyenera kukhazikitsa m'malo omwe zinthu zapamwamba ndi zapamwamba zimafotokozedwa.
Akhungu amakhuta
Prets amapangidwa ndi pepala kapena nsalu
Plissa ndi nsalu yosonkhanitsidwa m'khola. Zopanga, nsalu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, osawoneka bwino kuchokera kuwonekera.
Mitundu yokhala ndi kapangidwe kam'madzi imapangidwa pomwe zigawo ziwiri zopereka zimayatsidwa limodzi, mawonekedwe oterowo amakupatsani mwayi wowonjezera mphamvu ya chipindacho.
Zoyenera kukhazikitsa pamitundu yopanda muyeso: okwera, trapezoidal ndi kuzungulira.
Zilonda zogulira
Masamba oyikidwa ndi oyenera kuteteza ku dzuwa
Makatani owuma ndi akhungu osiyanasiyana, kuyimira chikho cha chikhocho pachisudzo, chimagwira ntchito ndi kupulumutsa ku mawonedwe akumawa.
Adapanga kutengera mtundu wa bokosi:
- Mabokosi otsekedwa amawoneka otetezedwa kwambiri kuti asungunuke cha fumbi mkati mwa makinawo, maofesi am'mbali a minofu yoletsa kusungitsa kwake kumaperekedwa. Mukayeza, ndikofunikira kudziwa bwino kukula kwa chinthu chomaliza.
- Mabokosi otseguka amaikidwa mu kutsegulidwa mothandizidwa ndi mmbali momwe shaft adayikidwira. Kuwongolera kumachitika ndi chithandizo cha chingwe cholumikizira pokoka digiri ya nsalu yopaka pa shaft.
Kusintha kwaulere:
- kuchokera ku nsalu zopondera ndi gawo lalikulu la kufalitsa;
- kupanikizika kwapakati;
- Kuwala kochepa kwambiri;
- Dongosolo la tsiku limodzi.
Makatani amapangidwa molingana ndi kukula kwa payekha, mutha kusankha tsamba labwino komanso utoto.
Mapangidwe opangira mapangidwe akasinthidwa, ma canvas ndiosavuta m'malo mwa kukhazikitsa yatsopano m'bokosi lomwe lilipo.
Matani ophatikizidwa tsiku la tsiku
Chovuta kwambiri komanso dongosolo lausiku la usana, zopangidwa ndi zofala ziwiri zamasiku awiri zomwe zimakhala zikufanana ndi wina ndi mnzake komanso kukhala ndi zigamba zowoneka bwino komanso zowala. Chovala chitatha, kuchuluka kwa kuwunikira kumasinthidwa, ngati kuli kotheka, chipindacho chimadetsedwa kwathunthu. Za momwe mungayesere zenera ndikukhazikitsa makatani tsiku ndi tsiku lowona mu kanemayu:Nsalu za nsungbood
Makatani a Jute
Makatani otchinga bamboo okhazikika ndioyenera kapangidwe ka mkati mwa mkati mwa mkati. Masamba a bamboo amalumikizidwa ndi zingwe zowonda zomwe zimaphatikizidwa ndi shaft. Zovalazo ndi zowala kwambiri, siziletsa, chifukwa siziyenera kukhazikitsa atsogoleri owongoka.
Jute makatani okhazikika
Zilonda zachilengedwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga canvas, kapangidwe kotere kumabalalitsa kuwala ndikuthandizira kuti kutentha m'chipindacho nthawi yachisanu komanso kuzizira nthawi yachilimwe. Makatani okhala ndi bokosi lotseguka ndi lotsekedwa limapangidwa.Kuwongolera magetsi
Zotsekereza magetsi zimayendetsedwa kuchokera ku cortole
Magalimoto amagetsi amagetsi amakupatsani mwayi wokhazikitsa mtundu wa mawonekedwe a mtundu uliwonse, ukhoza kukhazikitsidwa kwathunthu ndi sensor kapena nthawi, kuyenera kulowa munthawi ya Smart Yokha.
Msewu wamagetsi umamangidwa m'bokosi, pomwe kuwunikira kumasinthidwa m'chipindacho. Dongosolo limayang'aniridwa pogwiritsa ntchito gulu lowongolera kapena sensor yokhazikitsidwa khoma. Njira imatha kukhazikitsidwa ndi kuwongolera pazinthu iliyonse payekha kapena gulu lakhungu lakhungu nthawi imodzi.
Dongosolo lokhalo limagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mitundu ikuluikulu, nyumba zaofesi, sinema ndi malo ena a anthu komanso anzanu.
Malangizo posankha khungu
Zomwe Mungasamale Posankha Mtundu wa Akhungu:
- Tatsimikiza mtima ndi njira yokhazikika: Kuyang'ana padenga, patsegulira, mkati mwa kutsegula. Kuti muwonekere malo, ndikwabwino kukonza cornice potsegulira, koma mwachangu kwambiri muyenera kukhala ndi malo osinthira zilonda. Njira iyi siyoyenera kuchipindamo pomwe pawindo ndi yopapatiza kapena pali phala ndi maluwa.
- Pakati pamphepete mwapansi pazinthu ndi windowsill iyenera kukhalabe pathanzi 1-2 masentimita.
- Mukamalumikizana ndi chimanga chotsegulira, windowsill imakhalabe yaulere.
- Osasankha cornice pulasitiki, ili ndi katundu wambiri. Njira Yokwanira idzakhala ma aluminium amapaka utoto wophatikizika ndi mikwingwirima.
- Mitundu ya miliri yambiri imapangidwa kuchokera kuphatikiza pulasitiki ndi nsalu, yomwe ikhoza kupezeka m'magawo angapo. Njira yopanga yopanga izi imapangitsa kuti nsalu yotchinga ndi makatani a tulle.
- Poyitanitsa mitundu ya zipinda zokhala ndi chinyezi chambiri, ndibwino kusankha chinyezi cha fiberglass canvas, ma pulasitiki ndi zitsulo, chifukwa amayeretsa mosavuta ndipo saopa ku chinyezi.
- M'chipinda chochezera ndipo ofesi yowoneka bwino idzayang'ana mitundu ndi mikwingwirima ya Jacquard.
- Indoor yokhala ndi dongosolo lazinthu zomwe sakulimbikitsidwa kukhazikitsa mitundu yazitsulo ndi pulasitiki, chifukwa adzasokoneza mawu. Werengani zambiri za zomwe ndiyenera kutengera kuteteza posankha khungu, onani vidiyoyi:
Kukhazikitsa kwakhungu ndi njira yabwino kwambiri pakupanga kapangidwe kanyumba kapena kapangidwe ka munthu.
Momwe mungadziwire kukula kwakhungu
Mukakhazikitsa cornice pamlingo wotsegulira, muyeso womwe umayesedwa ukuwunikira ndalama za 30 mm mbali iliyonse kupita ku mawindo. Ngati malondawo adzaikidwa ndi kuchotsedwa mapaipi, ndiye 200-300 mm.
Mukamalamula kutalika kwa bulaketi, timaganizira m'lifupi mwake pawindo.
Kudalirika kwakukulu kumakhala ndi kapangidwe kake. Kuti mumve tsatanetsatane wa momwe mungachotsere khungu ndikusunga, onani muvidiyoyi:
Mukakhazikitsa potsegulira, m'lifupi mwake mulifupi ndi 10-20 mm akufupikirako kuposa kutsegulidwa kwa mawindo, pomwe ngodya ya malo otsetsereka imagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Ngati windows sichinayikidwe malinga ndi kuchuluka, sikofunikira kuyitanitsa mitundu yomwe yaikidwa mkatikati, amagogomeza zosagwirizana ndi komweko.
Kuti muyezo woyenera ndi kukhazikitsa kwa chinthucho, mutha kuitanira katswiri kapena, pogwiritsa ntchito malangizowo, mudziyesere.
Nkhani pamutu: Momwe mungapangire zophimba ndi manja anu ndi mababu?