Mapangidwe ake ndi mapangidwe a zishango, chingwe ndi kuyimitsidwa, zomwe zimapereka zonunkhira bwino komanso zolimbitsa konkriti. Ngati timalankhula za zomanga, ndiye kuti kachitidwe kameneka ndikofunikira mukadzaza maziko a mtundu uliwonse, maziko omwe amafunikira maziko opanga monolithic amaikidwa. Ikani mawonekedwe komanso popanga malamba ophatikizira m'makoma amiyala yomanga. M'nyumba yomweyo, lamba wolimbikitsidwa nthawi zambiri amafunikira kuti apange maziko olimba okakamiza dongosolo loyenerera. Amapangidwa ndi thandizo la mawonekedwe. Tikufuna kapangidwe kameneka komanso potsanulira matembenuzidwe a konkriti kapena kulongosola konkriti kwa chochitika, ndi ntchito zina.
Zotukwana komanso zosachotseka
Malinga ndi mfundo yogwiritsidwa ntchito, mafomu amatha kukhala ochotsa (kugwa) komanso osachotsa. Monga momwe ziliri momveka bwino kuchokera ku dzinalo, zodetsa zimamvetsetsa konkriti zomwe zimapeza mphamvu pamwamba pa zovuta (pafupifupi 50%). Chifukwa chake, itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kangapo. Kutengera ndi zinthuzo, zida zomwezo zitha kupirira kuyambira 3 mpaka 8 zodzaza, zosankha zamafakitale zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi khumi ndi zingapo, ndipo zina - nthawi zambiri.
Zopangidwa ndi mawonekedwe osinthika pambuyo poti konkriti idagunda 50% mphamvu
Mafomu olephera amakhala gawo lokhala ndi maziko. Njira zoterezi zinayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito posachedwapa. Apangeni chithovu cha polystyrene. Mabomba amtundu osiyanasiyana amapangidwa, omwe amalumikizidwa ndi thandizo la malock ndi ma studie azitsulo. Kuchokera pamitundu, monga wopanga, mawonekedwe ofunikira amalembedwanso.
Kulephera kwa mawonekedwe kumakhala gawo la maziko - ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo awiri
Mapangidwe osachotsa polystyrene samangopereka mawonekedwewo, komanso nthawi yomweyo ndikupukutira kutentha, komanso kumakhalanso ndi zinthu zopatsa thanzi. Ndizoyenera kwambiri, koma nthawi yomweyo imathetsa mavuto ambiri, ndipo nthawi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa chipangizo cha maziko limachepetsedwa kwambiri.
Pali mtundu wina wa mawonekedwe osatulutsidwa - mabatani a konkire. Alinso ndi makonzedwe osiyanasiyana - khoma, ma radius, etc. Khalani ndi makhoma awiri kapena atatu ndi opukutira angapo, atanyamula makhoma pamalo ena. Poyerekeza wina ndi mnzake ndi maloko, olimbikitsidwa ndi ndodo.
Zofunikira za mawonekedwe
Popeza dongosolo lonse limapangidwa kuti lipange mawonekedwe a zowongoka ndi zolimba, ziyenera kukhala zolimba komanso zotanuka kuti zithetse kukakamizidwa ndi unyinji wamadzimadzi. Chifukwa mapangidwe a mawonekedwe amaperekedwa kwambiri pazofunikira kwambiri kwa gawo lamphamvu. Kuphatikiza apo, zikopa zosemedwa ziyenera kukhala ndi mawonekedwe osalala komanso osalala: zimapanga makhoma a maziko, ndipo hydro ndi / kapena matenthedwe otuwa amazikhazikitsa. Akonzeni osalala (osalala) pamalopo.Zipangizo Zochotsa Kapangidwe
Pomanga, pali zingwe zachitsulo zomwe zimasonkhanitsidwa pa ma studing ndi ma balts. Pakumangana panja, mapangidwe apangidwe amapanga ma board, chinyezi kapena phylood ndi masgo. Mipiringidzo yamatabwa imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati kuyimitsidwa ndi ma spacers. Palibe amene anakumana ndi vuto kupanga zitsulo, koma ndizokwera mtengo kwambiri ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi imodzi sikothandiza.
Panthawi yomanga kanyumba kapena nyumba, matabwa opangidwa ndi ma board nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ndenzizo zimatha kugwiritsa ntchito iliyonse, komanso yothandiza, komanso yabwino. Ndikwabwino kugwidwa: yankho siliyenera kuphimbidwa kudzera pa mawonekedwe, ndipo ndizosatheka kukwaniritsa izi ndi bolodi yodziwika bwino.
Kodi mafomu amawoneka bwanji ngati riboni maziko
Ndi kutalika kwa maziko, mpaka mita 1.5, bolodi yopanga iyenera kukhala ndi makulidwe osachepera 40 mm. Zikopa zimakhazikika ndi zigawo za 60 * 40 mm kapena 80 * 40 mm. Ngati kutalika kwa maziko ndi kwakukulu - kumatsika kwambiri - mipiringidzo yotereyi sikhala yokwanira kusunga siteriti. Ndi kutalika kwa mita yoposa mita, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito bar 50 * 100 mm ndi zina zambiri. Pa misonkhano, misomali kapena zomangira zodzikongoletsera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kutalika kwake ndi 3/4 kuchokera kumodzi kwa bolodi ndi bar (kwa kukula pamwambapa 60-70 mm).
Zolemba pamutu: Kupanga chitseko chakale ndi manja awo: zenera lokhazikika, chikwangwani, chopondera (chithunzi ndi kanema)
Kupanga mawonekedwe ndi plywood. Palinso mafomu apadera, omwe adalemba pepala lopanda mawonekedwe. Kukula kwake kwachulukitsa kukana kwa sing'anga yankhanza, yomwe ndi konkriti yamadzimadzi. Izi FSF imalembedwa (pogwiritsa ntchito guluul solhyde).
Plywood makulidwe a mawonekedwe - 18-21 mm. Zikopa zimasonkhanitsidwa pazithunzi zachitsulo kapena zamatabwa. Chimango chamatabwa chopangidwa ndi bar 40 * 40 mm, othamanga amafunika kugwiritsa ntchito lalifupi - 50-55 mm. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito plywood, zimakhala zosavuta kugwira ntchito ndi zodzikongoletsera: misomali ndi yolimba.
Ntchito yopanga zishango kuchokera ku Plywood ndi OsP
OSB imagwiritsidwa ntchito pacholinga ichi nthawi zonse zimachitika. Makulidwe ali pafupifupi: 18-21 mm. Zojambula sizimasiyana ndi zikopa za plywood preyood.
Kukula kwa zinthuzi kumasankhidwa kutengera miyeso ya zishango zofunika - kuti zinyalalazo ndi zazing'ono momwe zingathere. Pamwambapamwamba sikofunikira, chifukwa chake mutha kutenga zida zochepa kwambiri, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimatchedwa "zomanga".
Zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mawonekedwe a maziko aganize kuti: Zimatengera mitengo ya zinthuzi m'dera lanu. Njira yachizolowezi ndizachuma: Chotsika mtengo ndi chiyani, kenako gwiritsani ntchito.
Mawonekedwe a nthiti ndi manja anu
Odzipereka kwambiri - amapanga mawonekedwe a lamba. Amabwereza zomwe nyumbayo ndi makoma onse onyamula kuchokera mbali ziwiri za tepi. Mukamamanga nyumba yochulukirapo kapena yocheperako ndi kuchuluka kwa magawo, kugwiritsa ntchito zida za mapangidwe kudzakhala kofunikira kwambiri. Makamaka ndi zogwirizana kwambiri za mtunduwo.Mapangidwe a zishango ndi kulumikizana kwawo
Mukasonkhanitsa mawonekedwe, ndikofunikira kupanga zishango: Afunika kusunga sing'anthozo mpaka temberero likachitika.
Kukula kwa mapangidwe a mapangidwe akusintha ndikudalira mawonekedwe a maziko. Kutalika ndikokwera kwambiri kuposa kutalika kwa maziko, kutalika kwa chishango chilichonse kumatsimikiziridwa okha, koma nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta kuchokera ku 1.2 mpaka 3 m. Ndi zinthu zazitali kwambiri, ndizosavuta kuti mugwire ntchito 2 m . Kutalika kwathunthu kwa mawonekedwe ake kuyenera kukhala kuti adasanja pa maziko a (musaiwale kuganizira makulidwe a chishango).
Kodi mafomu opangira nthiti a ritebon angaikidwe bwanji: pipi ya tepi idafa mumiyeso ndi ku tawuni
Popanga forwork kuchokera kumabodi, kudula zidutswa zingapo kutalika, kumangiriza ndi mipiringidzo ndi misomali. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito misomali yobowola kuchokera mkati mwa chishango, kugwada. Ndi zojambula zodzikongoletsera, ndizosavuta kugwira ntchito: safunikira kugwada, popeza amapereka zinthu zoyandikana bwino chifukwa cha ulusi. Amalimbikitsidwa kuchokera mkati mwa chishango (chomwe chidzalembedwera khoma la maziko).
Mbale yoyamba ndi yomaliza imalumikizidwa m'mphepete mwa 15-20 cm. Pakati pawo, pamtunda wa 80-100 cm, ikani zowonjezera. Kukhazikitsa mafompani osungirako zinthu, inali yovuta, iwiri kapena itatu kapena itatu (m'mbali mwake) ndi pakati) kupanga 20-30 masentimita motalikirana. Amakula ndipo pokhazikitsa amawonongeka pansi.
Pafupifupi kudula matabwa
Zitchire kuchokera ku plywood kapena OSB imasonkhanitsidwa pa chimanga kuchokera ku bar. Ndimsonkhano, ndikofunikira kulimbitsa ngondo. Mu kapangidwe kameneka, iwo ndi malo ofooka kwambiri. Mutha kuwalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito ngodya zachitsulo.
Kukhazikitsa mawonekedwe ndi manja anu
Ngati zishango zopangidwa ndi zishango zingapo, ziyenera kuyikidwa pazingwe zaphokoso. Kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi ndi komwe kumakhala kofunikira kuwonetsa mu ndege yofuula. Pokonzekera, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito kuwonongeka kwa chizindikirocho ndi vertical of the mipiringidzo. Pamene ndege ya Shield imayikidwa pafupi ndi mipiringidzo iyi. Adzakhala akuthandizidwa, ndi atsogoleri.
Nkhani pamutu: kukhazikitsa kwa zenera ndi malo otsetsereka pazenera pulasitiki
Zishango zokhala ndi mabatani ophatikizika okwiririka
Popeza pansi pa ngalande kapena dzenje ziyenera kukhala ngakhale (zopangidwira ndikuwongolera pansi), kenako ikani zikopa zopingasa ziyenera kukhala chabe. Yesetsani kuti musalimbikitse kwambiri: Zidzakhala zosavuta kutsatira. Tsitsani ngodya imodzi mpaka pamlingo wa submetock. Malowo sayenera kukhala, yankho siliyenera kuyenda. Pokhala atakwaniritsa zokwanira, tengani mulingo womanga, gwiritsani ntchito chishango ndikuwongolera m'mphepete mwa nyanjayo mpaka kumapeto kwake. Chishango chotsatira chakhazikitsidwa kale pamndandanda: ayenera kukhala pamlingo womwewo mu ndege yomweyo.
Ngati zishango zimapangidwa popanda mipiringidzo, pansi pa dzenjelo, pamzere wolowera riboni, bar yakhazikika, yomwe idzagogomeza. Zikopa zimalumikizidwa pafupi ndi izi, kenako mothandizidwa ndi voids ndi mitsinje imakhazikika.
Kulimbikitsa - kumayambira ndikuima
Kuti muchepetse unyinji wa konkriti, mafomuwo sakugwa, ayenera kukhala kunja ndi mkati.
Kunja kwakhazikika. Backhups iyenera kuyimirira osachepera mita. Chisamaliro chapadera chiyenera kupulumutsidwa kwa ngodya zakomweko: Pali malo onsewo. Ngati kutalika kwa chishango ndi kopitilira 2 metres, ndiye lamba umodzi umasiya zokwanira. Pankhaniyi, pali zingwe zosachepera ziwiri: zapamwamba komanso zotsika.
Kunja, forworks amaimitsa mafoni ndi kumasula. Kutalika kwambiri, amapangidwa mumiyala ingapo. Samalani ndi makulidwe a bar
Ndikofunikira kukhazikika mtunda pakati pa zishango ziwiri zosiyana. Chifukwa chaichi, masitimani ochokera kumangirirani ndi mainchesi 8-12 mm, ma gaskets opangidwa ndi chitsulo ndi mtedza wa mainchesi ofanana. Ma Studi adayikidwa mu timiyala iwiri: pamwamba ndi pansi, patali kwambiri ndi 1520 cm kuchokera m'mphepete.
Kutalika kwa ma studis ndi akulu kuposa 10-15 tepi m'lifupi. Pali zosankha ziwiri:
- M'malekezero onse awiriwa, ulusiwo umadulidwa. Kenako ma mbale awiri a zitsulo ndi mtedza udzafunikira gawo lililonse.
- Kumbali imodzi, chikhomo chake chimagwada ndipo ulusi umadulidwa ndi arc. Pankhaniyi, nati kwangofunika imodzi (mbale zake zidakali ziwiri).
Mtunda wamkati pakati pa zishango wofanana ndi kapangidwe ka tepiyo umakhazikika pogwiritsa ntchito zigawo za mapaipi apulasitiki. Chilolezo chawo chamkati chizikhala chokulirapo.
Momwe mungapangire malo masikelo
Msonkhanowu umachitika motere:
- M'malo onse a zikopa, kubowola dzenje lalitali kumakodwa.
- Pakati pawo zakhazikitsidwa.
- Stiletto akhala akuchita.
- Mbale zachitsulo zimayikidwa (sizingalole kuti tsitsi kuti lithetse zida zotchinga).
- Mtedza ndi wopotoka komanso wokakamizidwa.
Muyenera kugwirira ntchito limodzi, komanso bwino - ofesa. Imodzi mkati mwa zishango zimakhazikitsa machubu, ndi kuti munthu akhazikitse zotumphukira komanso kupotoza mtedza.
Mukachotsa mawonekedwe, ino choyamba mtedza ndi kuchotsa mabotolo, ndiye kuti amachotsa malo otsetsereka ndi kuyima. Zikopa zomasulidwa zimachotsedwa. Zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mopitilira.
Momwe Mungagwiritsire Ntchito Kochepera
Zinthu zambiri zimachoka pakupanga mawonekedwe a tepi pamwamba: zishango zimapanga tepi yonse mbali zonse ziwiri. Kuzama kwambiri, kumwa ndi kwakukulu kwambiri. Tiyeni tingonena kuti: Ndikotheka kupulumutsa. Pangani gawo limodzi la mafomuwo ndi kukweza osati zonse tsiku limodzi, ndi zigawo. Ngakhale ali ndi malingaliro ofala, sizingakhudze mphamvu za maziko amaziko (ngati mukudziwa zinsinsi), ndipo mutha kuwapulumutsa moyenera. Mutha kugawana maziko kapena molunjika, kapena vertically.Dzazani zigawo
Ndi kuya kwakukulu, ndikopindulitsa kwambiri kuti mudzaze ndi mbali zopingasa (zigawo). Mwachitsanzo, kuzama kofunikira 1.4 m. Mutha kugubuduza mbali ziwiri kapena zitatu. Pamagawo awiri, ndikofunikira kupanga zishango ndi kutalika kwa 0,8-0.85 m, 3-55 cm.
Ngati maziko ali ndi kukula kwakukulu kokwera, imatha kuthiridwa m'magawo awiri, kulekanitsa molunjika ndi magawo ofanana
Dongosolo la ntchito ndi:
- Fomu imawonetsedwa kuchokera ku zishango zazifupi zopangidwa, zoyenerera zokwanira pa voliyumu yonseyi.
- Konkriti imathiridwa kutalika kwa mawonekedwe omwe apangidwa.
- Pambuyo pa maola 7-8 mutatha kudzaza, ndikofunikira kutenga pamwamba pa riboni kwathunthu. Mukamabereketsa konkire, mitsuko ya simenti imadzuka. Mokwanira, imakhala yosalimba komanso yopanda malire. Ndiwo wosanjikiza uyu ndipo muyenera kufufuta. Zotsatira zake, mawonekedwewo amakhala osasinthika komanso owuma, ndipo izi zimapangitsa kuti zitseke (modelion) ndi otsatirawa a konkriti.
- Kutentha kwa + 20 ° C, patatha masiku atatu, kapangidwe kake katha kuchotsedwa, kuyeretsa zikopa ndikuziteteza pamwambapa. Kuchotsa zikopa, tengani maboti. Mapaipi amatha kusiyidwa ku konkriti. Adzakhala kale gawo la Monolith. Nthawi zina amatulutsidwa kunja, ndipo mabowo amadzaza matope.
- Vomerezani mawonekedwe pamwambapa ndi kutsanuliranso.
Chikopa chimangoikidwa kale "Grab" konkriti, ndikupuma m'mphepete mwa ngalande, koma kale pamlingo wina
Mukakhazikitsa yachiwiri (ndi yachitatu, ngati pangafunike) zishango zazitali zimapezeka pang'ono pamadzi osefukira, kuphimba tepi kuchokera kumbali. Nthawi yomweyo, mzere wapansi wa ma studis nthawi zambiri amakhala ngati oletsa komanso kutsindika. Chifukwa chake, akaikidwa, amawayika onse pamlingo womwewo kuchokera kumphepete pansi pa zishango.
Zida zagalulidwa kale, ma studio amkati amadulidwa. Imangoika machubu ena kuti abwerere kumalo a mabowo ndikuyika masikono akunja ndi kumasula. Nthawi yokhazikitsa mawonekedwe obwerayo silabwino kwambiri.
Chifukwa chiyani izi zimakhudza kulimba kwa maziko? Chifukwa powerengera mphamvu ya konkriti sinathe kuwerengetsa. Akupita "." Kuphatikiza apo, katundu yemwe ali mu nthiti amagawidwa mbali yayitali. Ndipo m'litali mwake sitinathe. Chifukwa chake maziko adzaimirira kwa nthawi yayitali.
Gawo lopindika
Njira yachiwiri ndiyo kusokonekera kwa dongosolo lokhazikika. Maziko amatha kugawidwa m'magawo awiri kapena atatu. Ndi inu nokha amene muyenera kugawana osati "mzere", koma zimasokoneza mafupa kwakanthawi.
Munyumba yosankhidwa pakukhazikitsa, mumakhazikitsa fomuyo ndi "Mapula" m'malo omwe gawo lokhazikitsidwa limatha. Mkati mwa gawo lokhazikitsidwa limalumikizidwa. Nthawi yomweyo, ndodo za chikhazikitso chachikulu ziyenera kupitirira mafomu osachepera 50 mivi yambiri yolimbikitsidwa. Mwachitsanzo, ndodo imagwiritsidwa ntchito 12 mm. Kenako kumasulidwa kochepera kupitirira mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe 12 mm * 50 = 600 mm. Ndodo yotsatira imamangidwa m'magazini ino, ndipo wina adzalowanso izi masentimita 60.
Chimodzimodzi zofunika: kuphwanya dongosolo la nyumbayo m'magawo, pangani kuti "zidutswazo" mudzadzaze nthawi imeneyi pamitundu yosiyanasiyana (onani pachithunzithunzi).
Njira yachiwiri ndikugawa mapulani a masamba angapo (chithunzi chomwe amalembedwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana)
Thirani gawo lomwe lasonkhanitsa konkriti. Monga mu njira yapitayi, itatha 7 * maola 8 zikhala zofunikira kuti mukwere yankho, koma pamalo ofukula. Timatenga nyundo ndikuchotsa pulawo ya simenti-Sandy-Sandy-Sandy-Sandy-Sandy-Sandy-Sandy-Sandy Collecy for A Rubbank (pafupi ndi mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe omwe angakhale osanjikiza). Zotsatira zake, malowo adzakhala shrubat, omwe ndi abwino kwambiri pa clutch ndi gawo lotsatira la yankho.
Njirazi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosamala pomanga nyumba: Amakhala pomanga nyumba zosemphana ndi mitundu, ndipo pali ogwira ntchito pamakoma a konkriti ndipo maziko salinga.
Pali chinyengo china. Aliyense akuti ma board kapena phaniva akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito pogwira ntchito yothandiza. Pochita izi, zimasiyanitsa mosiyana: ndizosatheka kudula mu simenti mu simenti ya nkhuni kapena phaneli. Kuphatikiza apo, zimakhala zodetsedwa komanso zosakhwima, ndipo ndizosathekanso kuyeretsa ndi kupukuta icho: palibe tirigu "satenga tirigu." Chifukwa chake, kotero nkhuni (ndi plywood, ngati osakhazikika) amakhalabe oyenera, kutsogolo kwa zishango kumakhala kolimba. Imakonzedwa ndi zotsekemera ndi mabatani. Ngati zawonongeka, kusinthidwa kumatenga nthawi pang'ono. Fomu Yomwe Imalimbikitsidwa mwanjira imeneyi imapereka mawonekedwe osalala bwino pamaziko, zomwe zimathandizira ntchito yotsatirayi pa hydro ndi kutentha kukulira.
Nkhani pamutu: kuyimitsidwa kwa denga la aluminium