Zolemba zowongolera, muyenera kudziwa maofesi awo. Ngakhale zinthu zodziwika bwino, monga njerwa, zimakhala ndi mitundu yambiri yamitundu ndi mitundu. Nkhani yabwino ndiyakuti magawo ake ndi okhazikika. Kukula kwa njerwa bwino kumafotokozedwa, mawonekedwe ake.
Mitundu Yomanga njerwa
Njerwa yam'madzi ndi crorac (dongo, ofiira) ndi silika (oyera). Poika - wamba (zomanga) ndikumaliza (mawonekedwe). Zogwiritsidwa ntchito zachinsinsi zamakoma a maso, zikutanthauza kuti pambuyo pake, osakhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'mbali mwa nyanja (spoons) - kuti pulasitalayo ndi bwino kugwira.
Mitundu ya njerwa - wamba komanso yapadera
Malinga ndi njira youmba, njerwa zadzaza komanso zopanda pake (zopanda kanthu). Njira zamtunduwu zochokera ku cologeneous. Gwiritsani ntchito apo, pomwe mphamvu yamakina ndiyofunikira - maziko omwe amanyamula makhoma.
Kukula kwa njerwa ndi mawonekedwe ake oyenerera kumatsimikiziridwa ndi gopt 530-2007
Kugwedeza kumakhala ndi gawo lina la voids, chifukwa chomwe kulemera kwa kapangidwe kake kumachepa, mawonekedwe a kusamalira makuda amatukuka. Koma kukhalapo kwa chiyembekezo kumachepetsa zizindikiro zokutira - voids amagwira ntchito ngati amayambiranso. Chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kuzigwiritsa ntchito ndi malingaliro.
Kukula kwa njerwa
Njerwa ya ceramic - yotentha yowotchedwa imapangidwa kuchokera ku dongo. Mkhalidwewo umatsimikiziridwa makamaka ndi magawo owoneka bwino, komanso kapangidwe kadongo. Njerwa yapamwamba kwambiri ya ceramic itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa ntchito iliyonse yomanga: Chida cha maziko (chodzaza), kupanga makoma akunja ndi magawo amkati.
Kumanga njerwa kumakhala ndi miyeso ina yomwe yafotokozedwa ndi miyezo. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito kukula kwa njerwa - 250 * 120 * 65 mm
Choyipa chachikulu cha zinthu zomanga izi ndi zinanso kufalikira kwa geometry. Amalongosola ndi mawonekedwe a dongo - zitha kukhala zosiyana "kunenepa", ndichifukwa chake kumakhala kovuta kuneneratu kuti ziwonetsero zambiri mukamayanika / kuwombera kumachepa.
Zomwe Mungamvere Kusankha Posankha
Mukamasankha njerwa yofiyira, muyenera kusamala ndi mtundu wake. Zimawonetsa mtundu wa phwandolo ndi gawo lotere ngati kukula kwa njerwa. Zimachitika zolakwika kapena zowonda. Njira yachiwiri yogwirira ntchito siyabwino (imawoneka yakuda kuposa masiku onse), ndi njerwa zotsika mtengo (zopepuka komanso zosiyidwa kuti musagwiritse ntchito - zimasokonekera msanga.
Njerwa yekha amawonongeka mwachangu
Mphindi yachiwiri kuti mumvere chidwi - posakhala ndi zokonda zawo. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala madontho owala komanso dongo. Onsewa amatsogolera ku chiwonongeko chachangu cha njerwa. Chifukwa chake timasankha maphwando okha omwe ali ndi mtundu wofanana popanda zowonjezera.
Zovuta zambiri
- Pazithunzi zonse zomangira:
- Chip ndi chisangalalo cha nthiti ndi ngodya zimaloledwa kuchuluka kwa zidutswa ziwiri, zosaposa 1.5 cm.
- Ikhoza kukhala yopezeredwa ndi nkhope za osaposa 3 mm.
- Supuni imaloledwa kukhala ndi miyala m'lifupi mwa njerwa osati zoposa 3 cm.
- Zovomerezeka wamba:
- Osaposa tchipisi awiri m'maso a 1-1.5 masenti akuya, ngati sakutukula ena.
- Kukhalapo kwa kung'ambika mu bedi lonse la bedi kumaloledwa. Komanso, amatha kufikira chopanda pake.
- Itha kukhala yolimbana imodzi pa bog ndi siponji yosangalatsa (kumbali ya zithunzi).
Njerwa zitha kukhala wamba kapena kumaliza
Ndiye kuti, zofuna za njerwa wamba zimakhala zokhulupirika. Kukhalapo kwa zofooka izi pa mtundu wa zomangako sikukhudza, ndipo chinthu chokongoletsera sichofunika, chifukwa kupezeka kwaliza kumaganiziridwa. Musaiwale kuyang'ana kukula kwa njerwa - mu bati imodzi siyenera kukhala yoposa 3 mm.
Zofunikira zomaliza (kuyang'anizana) ceramic njerwa yolimba. Zosavomerezeka:
- Mabwalo a m'mbali mwa ma 1.5 cm.
- Pasakhale ming'alu.
- Pasakhale zoposa 3 mm mulifupi ku nthiti, zoposa 1.5 cm.
Kuti mutsatire izi, njerwa yomalizidwa imayikidwa pamilandu, ma angli amatetezedwa ndi matabwa, anagwetsa ngodya, wokutidwa ndi filimu. Mu mawonekedwe awa.
Miyeso
Kukula koyenera kwa njerwa ku dongo (yofiyira, ceramic) kunafotokozedwa kale. Iyo yapangidwa kwa zaka masauzande, chifukwa chotsatira, kuphatikiza kwabwino kwambiri kwa kutalika kumachitika, komwe kumawonekera muyezo. Amangolandira m'zaka za zana lapitalo. Pali zosankha zitatu:
- Osakwatiwa - 250 * 120 * 65 mm (mu mita ya cubic mita 513 ma PC);
- Ola limodzi - 250 * 120 * 88 mm (ku Cuba 379 ma PC);
- Mwalawu (wa ceramic mwala) - 250 * 120 * 138 mm (ku Cuba 55 ma PC).
Mfundo zazikuluzikulu za njerwa yofiyira
Za mawonekedwe - njerwa imodzi yadzaza, zopanda pake. Pamwambapa ndi kawiri - kokha, mwanjira ina akudwala kwambiri pantchito yabwino.
Kuphatikiza pa muyezo, pali njerwa yochepetsedwa. Amapanga ku Europe, komanso kwa ife agwa. Magawo ake ndi mayina apadziko lonse amachepetsedwa patebulo.
| Chizindikiro | Kukula kwa njerwa | Madyo |
|---|---|---|
| Df. | 240 * 115 * 52 mm | Zidutswa 64 / m2 |
| Rf | 240 * 115 * 65 mm | 54 zidutswa / m2 |
| Nf. | 240 * 115 * 71 mm | Zidutswa 48 / m2 |
| Wdf. | 210 * 100 * 65 mm | 59 zidutswa / m2 |
| 2DF. | 240 * 115 * 113 mm | 32 PC / M2 |
Kukula kwake kuli bwino
Mu malo osungirako Soviet, njerwa imodzi imagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri. Amadziwa bwino kwambiri maso athu, malingaliro ambiri ogona apangidwa pansi pa izo. Kuti mukhale ndi mawonekedwe a njerwa, ndi manja anu ndi ochokera ku zinthuzi.
Njerwa imodzi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri. Amapereka phindu lazachuma. Choyamba, mita ya cubic ndi yotsika pang'ono. Kachiwiri, chifukwa zidutswa za zomangazi ndizokulirapo, zowonjezera zochepa zimadyedwa. Chachitatu, ntchito imayamba mwachangu. Nthawi yasungidwa chifukwa cha kukula kwake. Koma ndizovuta kwambiri kugwira ntchito ndi njerwa imodzi, ngakhale ngati mbiya - zimakhala zovuta kukhala m'manja mwanu. Ndipo mawonekedwe a khoma ndi achilendo.
Nkhope za njerwa molingana ndi muyeso zimatchedwa bedi, ndodo, zoponya
Njerwa iwiri imakonda kutchedwa mwala womanga wa ceramic. Ikagwiritsidwa ntchito, zotsatira zowoneka bwino kwambiri ndizothamanga pomanga. Kuphatikiza apo, ndalama za yankholi zimawonjezeranso. Koma ndi dzanja limodzi kuti agwire njerwa sangagwire ntchito. Chifukwa chake, ndibwino kugwira ntchito ndi wothandizira. Maonekedwe a zomangamanga amasiyidwa kwambiri kuti akhumba, kotero kukongoletsa kwawo ndikofunikira.
Ngati timalankhula za mayiko ena, nthawi imeneyo ku Europe kuthamanga - NF ndi DF. Mbali yolowetsedwa ya ceramic lf ili ndi zofanana zofanana. Gulu DF - zobisika kwambiri, zowoneka bwino.
Miyeso ya silika
Njerwa njerwa zimapangidwa ndi mchenga (zidutswa 9) ndi laimu (gawo limodzi), kuchuluka kwa zowonjezera zina. Zinthu zomanga izi zili ndi mawonekedwe abwino kwambiri (omwe akuchititsa kutentha), kunenepa pang'ono. Tekinoloje ndikuti ndikosavuta kupirira miyeso ya geometric, chifukwa kulibe mavuto.
Koma sizovuta kwambiri ngati njerwa yofiira, kupatula chinyezi zimachita mantha - ndi kulumikizana kwakanthawi ndi chinyezi, zimayamba kutha. Chifukwa cha izi, gawo lalikulu logwiritsira ntchito ndikupanga makoma ndi magawo. Sali maziko a maziko, osakhazikika, kapena omanga za chimney sangagwiritsidwe ntchito.
Njerwa njerwa zitha kukhala zowoneka bwino pankhaniyi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zinthu zomaliza.
Gawo lachiwiri logwiritsira ntchito lili ngati zinthu zomaliza. Kuphatikizika koyambirira kumakhala ndi mtundu woyera, wowala pang'ono. Mutha kuwonjezera utoto aliyense ndikupeza njerwa.
Kukula kwa njerwa yomanga ndi chimodzimodzi monga mu ceramic: Osakwatiwa ali ndi kutalika kwa 65 mm, umodzi-theka - 88 mm, 138 mm.
Kusalika njerwa kumalimbikitsa mgwirizano ndi ceramic
Njerwa imodzi imodzi ndi imodzi yokha imatha kukhala yodzaza komanso yopanda pake. Kutalika kwathunthu kumalemera 3.6 kg, sublow - kutengera kuchuluka kwa ma gwiritsidwe ntchito kwa 1.8-2.2 kg. Nthawi yonse ya nthawi imodzi imakhala ndi miyeso ya 4.9, ndi mbiya - 4.0-4.3 kg.
Njerwa wapawiri kawirikawiri amatulutsa. Unyinji wake ndi 6.7 kg. Kukhazikika kwathunthu sikupezeka kawirikawiri - chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwakukulu (7.7 kg) kumagwira ntchito molimbika.
Kulemera kwa chinthu chimodzi: Ceramic, Silmical, wamba, nkhope
Kulemera kwa njerwa kukufunika poyamba, powerengera maziko, gawo ili ndikofunikira kwambiri mukamasankha magawo a maziko a riboni; Kachiwiri, pamayendedwe onyamula; Ndipo chachitatu, kudziwa mtundu ndikutsatira zofunikira za GOST.
| Mtundu wa njerwa | Cholinga | Kuwona | Kukula kwa nomwena | Kusamasuka | Kulemera | Madzi Madzi |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ceramic post 530-2007 | Zachinsinsi (wogwira ntchito) | Umodzi, kutalika kwathunthu | 250 * 120 * 65 | 0% | 3.3 - 3.6 kg | 10 -12% |
| Osakwatiwa, opanda pake (opanda kanthu, osalala) | 250 * 120 * 65 | 30-32% | 2.5 - 3.0 makilogalamu (okhala ndi zosakhazikika za 6% kulemera 3.8 kg) | 12 -17% | ||
| Ola limodzi, kutalika kwathunthu | 250 * 120 * 88 | 0% | 4 - 4.3 kg | 12 -17% | ||
| Pamwamba, sublow | 250 * 120 * 88 | 30-32% | 3.5 makilogalamu (okhala ndi zosakhazikika za 6% - 4.7 kg) | 12 -17% | ||
| Kawiri, kutalika kwathunthu | 250 * 120 * 140 | 0% | 6.6 - 7.24 kg | 12 - 17% | ||
| Kawiri, | 250 * 120 * 140 | 30-32% | 5.0 - 6.0 kg | 12-17% | ||
| Kuyang'ana (nkhope) | Umodzi, kutalika kwathunthu | 250 * 120 * 65 | 0% | 2.6 kg | 9 - 14% | |
| Chosakwatiwa | 250 * 120 * 65 | 30-36% | 1.32 - 1.6 kg | 9 -1 4% | ||
| Mopanda kanthu | 250 * 120 * 88 | 30-36% | 2.7 - 3.5 kg | 9 - 14% | ||
| Silture Post 379-95 | Zachinsinsi (wogwira ntchito) | Kutalika kokwanira | 250 * 120 * 65 | 0% | 3.7 - 3.8 kg (malinga ndi GOST) | |
| Chosakwatiwa | 250 * 120 * 65 | 15-31% | 3.1 - 3.3 kg | |||
| Kutalika kwa ola limodzi | 250 * 120 * 88 | 0% | 4.2 - 5.0 kg | |||
| Mopanda kanthu | 250 * 120 * 88 | 15-31% | 4.2 - 5 kg | |||
| Nsapato ziwiri | 250 * 120 * 140 | 15-31% | 5.3 - 5.4 kg | |||
| Kuyang'ana (nkhope) | Kutalika kokwanira | 250 * 120 * 65 | 0% | 3.5 - 3.9 kg | ||
| Kutalika kwa ola limodzi | 250 * 120 * 88 | 0% | 3.7 - 4.3 kg | |||
| Mopanda kanthu | 250 * 120 * 88 | 15-31% | 3.7 - 4.2 kg |
Kuphatikiza pa njerwa yofanana ndi njerwa pali njerwa zambiri zomaliza. Mwachitsanzo, pali nthawi imodzi, yomwe imalemera pang'ono kuposa umodzi - 4.1-5.0 kg.
Kulemera kwa njerwa yamphamvu kumatsimikiziridwa ndi Goste
Pali otchedwa "American" - wokhala ndi kukula kamodzi ndi kulemera kwa makilogalamu 2.5 okha. Matembenuzidwe opepuka amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kutsiriza kumayiko pamwambowu kusowa kwa maziko a maziko. Ngakhale ndikwabwino kugwiritsa ntchito kumaliza ntchito - mavesi oyambira, mwachitsanzo.
Magawo a Chamotte njerwa
Pakupanga zikwangwani, malo oyaka moto mu malo olumikizana ndi moto, njerwa yapadera yolimbana ndi moto imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ndi kupanga kwake, kalasi yapadera ya dongo imagwiritsidwa ntchito - mawonekedwe. Chifukwa chake, njerwa yotereyi imatchedwanso Chamoten. Njira zopanga ndizofanana ndi njerwa zofiira - kuwumba, kuyanika, kuwombera m'ng'anjo. Koma, chifukwa cha zapadera za shamot, zomangira zomanga zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zizigwirizana kwathunthu ndi moto wotseguka. Pali mitundu iwiri ya njerwa zoyenerera za Cholinga cha General - Sha ndi SB. Sha ndiyabwino kutentha mpaka 1690 ° C, SB - mpaka 1650 ° C, magawo ena onse ndi ofanana. Chifukwa chake, mawonekedwe a ntchito ndi omwewo - izi ndikuwumba zoyatsira moto ndi ziphuphu.
Mitundu ina ya njerwa zosinthidwa: Miyezo imatha kukhala yosiyana, koma onse ali oyenera
Kukula kwa njerwa yotsimikizika kumayikidwa mu digito yomwe imayimilira pambuyo pake:
- Sb-5, sha 5 - 230 * 114 * 65 mm;
- Sb-6, sha 6, sha 14 - 230 * 114 * 40 mm (dafach);
- Sb-8, sha 8 - 250 * 65 * 65 mm;
- Sb-9, sha 9 - 300 * 150-65 mm;
Nthawi zambiri, sha 8 kapena sb 8 imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ali kutalika ndi makulidwe amafanana ndi njerwa zofiira za ceramic red, pomwe ng'anjo yonse imayikidwa. Palinso njerwa zowoneka bwino kwambiri - kupanga zozimitsa moto ndi ma curve osalala mundege.
Pali mitundu iwiri ya mphete zodziwika bwino:
- Mapeto - kupanga ma curve mundege
- Sha, SB 22 - 230 * 114 * 65/55 mm;
- Sha, SB 23 - 230 * 114 * 65/45 mm;
- Sha, SB 48 - 250 * 124 * 65/45 mm;
Mitundu ya Wedge Chamotte Brick: m'mphepete ndi kumapeto
- m'mphepete mwa ma rischesi
- Sha, SB 44 - 230 * 114 * 65/55 mm;
- Sha, SB 45 - 230 * 114 * 65/45 mm;
- Sha, SB 49 - 230 * 114 * 96/65 mm;
- Sha, SB 50 - 230 * 114 * 76/65 mm;
- Sha, SB 51 - 230 * 114 * 56/65 mm;
- Sha, SB 52 - 345 * 150 * 125/75 mm;
- Sha, SB 53 - 345 * 150 * 90/75 mm;
- Sha, SB 54 - 345 * 150 * 80/75 mm;
Izi sizachikulire zonse ndi mitundu ya chamotte njerwa. Zambiri zidzapezeka mu Gost 8691-73.
Chipatala njerwa
Njerwa yachipatala ndi mtundu wina wapadera wa njerwa ya ceramic. Ndi kapangidwe kake, kalasi yapadera ya dongo imagwiritsidwa ntchito - shalectory shale. Mabatani owumbidwa amawotchedwa kutentha kwambiri - 1200 ° C. Chifukwa cha izi, dongo limapeza katundu wa ceramics, utoto - kuchokera ku zofiira zakuda, kwa bulauni.
Njerwa wachipatala ali ndi mphamvu kwambiri, kukana kukana. Kuchokera pamenepo mutha kukumana ndi mseu, malizani khonde. Ndipo adzatumikiranso zaka zambiri. Pamwamba pa chitsitsichi ndi lathyathyathya, yosalala, yowoneka bwino. Zomwe zimalola kuti zigwiritse ntchito ngati njerwa yomaliza - kumaliza kumaso, zipilala, ndi zina zambiri.
Mitundu ndi kukula kwa njerwa zachipatala zamitundu imodzi
Maonekedwe ndi kukula kwa njerwa yachipatala ikhoza kukhala yosiyana kwambiri - pali ambiri a iwo, popeza palibe chokhazikika - mawonekedwe ofananitsidwa, komanso m'mbali zosiyanasiyana.
Nkhani ya pamutu: COT kuti mwana wakhanda wakhanda wa wakhanda: Kuyambira kuti?