Kukhazikitsa zomera ndi kubzala ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimadetsa nkhawa. Wina akuthirira mabedi ndi masamba, wina amabere mabedi ndi udzu, ndipo wina ayenera kupereka munda wapansi. Mulimonsemo, njirayi imatenga nthawi yokwanira. Koma izi si zonse: mu njira yokhazikika, imapangidwa pamwamba pa kutumphuka, zomwe zimalepheretsa mbewu kuti zisapangidwe, chifukwa chake zimayenera kumasula dothi. Mavuto onsewa amathetsedwa ngati pali kuthirira kwa mbewu. Mutha kugula zigawo zopangidwa ndi kukonzedwa, kulamula kuti chitukuko ndi kukhazikitsa "ndipo mutha kuchita chilichonse ndi manja anu. Umu ndi momwe mungapangire kuthirira nokha ndipo tidzakambirana m'nkhaniyi.
Mfundo yothandizira opareshoni ndi mitundu
Tekinoloje iyi idayesedwa zaka makumi angapo zapitazo. Zotsatira zake zinali zochititsa chidwi kwambiri kuti dongosololi linali ponseponse. Lingaliro lalikulu ndikuti madzi amadyetsedwa mizu ya mbewu. Pali njira ziwiri:
- kutsanulira pansi pafupi ndi tsinde;
- Anatumikira mobisa magawo a mizu.
Njira yoyamba ndi yosavuta pakukhazikitsa, yachiwiri ndi yokwera mtengo: Amafunikira payipi yapadera kapena kudzutsa tepi ya pansi panthaka, malo abwino. Kwa nyengo yochepa, palibe kusiyana kwinanso - njira ina yonseyo ikuyendera bwino. Koma kumadera omwe ali ndi chilimwe kwambiri, gasiketi ya pansi pa pansi panadzionetsa: Madzi ochepera amatuluka komanso ochulukirapo ndi mbewu.
Kutsikira kugwa kumagwiritsidwa ntchito paminda, m'malo obiriwira. Ndizothandiza kwambiri mukamakula masamba ndi zipatso
Pali malingaliro odziletsa - kwa iwo amafunikira thanki yamadzi, yokhazikitsidwa pamtunda osachepera 1.5 metres, pali machitidwe omwe ali ndi zovuta zambiri. Ali ndi pampu ndi gulu lowongolera - madera okakamira ndi ma valves omwe amapanga kuyeserera kofunikira. Pali makina odzitchinjiriza okhathamira. Mu mawonekedwe osavuta kwambiri, awa ndi valavu yokhala ndi nthawi yomwe imatsegula madzi nthawi yayitali. Makina ovuta kwambiri amatha kuwongolera zodyera zosiyanasiyana pa mizere iliyonse yamadzi, kuyezetsa chinyezi cha nthaka ndikusankha nyengo. Makina awa amagwira ntchito motsogozedwa ndi mapurosesa, mitundu ya opareshoni imatha kukhazikitsidwa kuchokera pagawo kapena kompyuta.
Ubwino ndi Wosatha
Dontho lip likuthirira chili ndi zabwino zambiri komanso zonsezi tanthauzo:
- Zovuta zimachepetsedwa kwambiri. Dongosolo limatha kungokhala lokha, komanso mu mtundu wosavuta, kuthirira kumafunikira kuti mupeze chidwi chanu.
- Kuchepetsa Madzi . Izi ndichifukwa choti chinyontho chimaperekedwa pokhapokha mizu, mankhuna ena samasiyidwa.
- Imasowa kufunikira komasulidwa pafupipafupi. Ndi mlingo wamadzi opezeka pamadera ochepa oyala panthaka, samapangidwa, motero, siziyenera kusweka.
- Zomera zimamera bwino, zokolola zimachuluka. Chifukwa chakuti madzi amadyetsedwa m'dera limodzi, mizu yake imayamba malo ano. Ili ndi mizu yocheperako, imayamba kufooka, mwachangu zimatenga chinyezi. Zonsezi zimathandizira kukula msanga komanso zipatso zambiri.
- Pali mwayi wolinganiza wodyetsera nawo . Kuphatikiza apo, kugwiritsa ntchito ma feteleza chifukwa cha kutsatsa kumalinso ochepa.
Kuchita zinthu zachuma ku Drip kuthirira kwakhala kudzatsimikiziridwa mobwerezabwereza ngakhale pamakampani ambiri. M'minda yachinsinsi ndi minda, zotsatira zake sizikhala zofunikira: mtengo wopanga dongosolo ukhoza kuchepetsedwa pang'ono, ndipo zabwino zonse zitsalira.
Drap Kuthirira, kusonkhana ndi manja ake sikuwononga kwambiri
Milungu ilinso, koma ndi pang'ono:
- Ntchito wamba Kusamba kwamadzi ndikofunikira , Ndipo izi ndizowonjezera. Dongosolo limatha kugwira ntchito komanso popanda zosefera, koma ndikofunikira kuganizira za choyeretsa / kutsuka kuti muchepetse zotchinga.
- Amaponyera nthawi yotseguka ndipo amafuna kuyeretsa kapena kusintha.
- Ngati mungagwiritse ntchito zikwangwani zowonda zowonda, zitha kuwonongeka ndi mbalame, tizilombo kapena makoswe. Pali malo a madzi osasinthika omwe amamwa.
- Chifukwa cha chipangizocho chimafuna mtengo wa nthawi ndi ndalama.
- Ntchito Yofunika Kofunika - Kutaya mapaipi kapena kuyeretsa matope, yang'anani khomo la pakhosi, sinthani zosefera.
Monga mukuwonera, mndandanda wazovuta zake zimakhala zazikulu, koma sizovuta kwambiri. Ichi ndi chinthu chothandiza kwambiri m'mundamo, m'munda, pa udzu, maluwa kapena wowonjezera kutentha.
Zosankha ndi zosankha
Kuthirira kuthirira kumatha kupangidwa ndi kasupe uliwonse. Chabwino, chabwino, chabwino, mtsinje, Nyanja, madzi, madzi apakati, ngakhale madzi amvula mu akasinja. Chinthu chachikulu ndikwanira kukhala ndi madzi okwanira.
Papipi yayikulu imalumikizidwa ndi gwero, lomwe limabweretsa madzi pamalo othirira madzi. Kenako amapita limodzi mbali imodzi ya malo othiriridwa, kumapeto kuli kolemera.
Nkhani pamutu: khoma lolemba zamasewera pamutu: mpira ndi ena
Mosiyana ndi mabedi mu bomba lomwe limayikidwa tees, zomwe zimapangitsa Drip hoses (mapaipi) kapena nthiti kumapeto. Amakhala ndi madontho apadera omwe madzi amadyetsedwa kwazomera.
Chithunzi chopanda kuthirira kuchokera ku mbiya chimakhazikitsidwa mosavuta ndi manja awo.
Pakati pa zotulukapo kuchokera ku gwero ndi nthambi yoyamba, ndikofunikira kukhazikitsa fayilo kapena state. Safunikira ngati kachitidweko kumayendetsedwa ndi mapaipi amadzi amnyumba. Ngati madzi achoka kunja kwa nyanja, mitsinje, thanki yamadzi yamvula, zosefera zimafunikira: zodetsa zitha kukhala zambiri ndipo dongosolo lidzakhala lotseka kwambiri. Mitundu ya zosefera ndipo nambala yawo imatsimikiziridwa kutengera ndi madzi.
Momwe mungayeretse madzi pachitsime ndi chidziwikire pano.
Drip hoses
Mitsempha yothirira kuthirira imagulitsidwa ku Bays kuyambira 50 mpaka 1000 metres. Adamanga kale zokambirana zamagetsi: Labyrinths omwe madzi amayenda musanalowe mu malo ogulitsira. Mphetso zofufumitsa izi zimapereka madzi ofanana pamzerewo, ngakhale atakhala ndi mpumulo. Chifukwa cha labyrinth ili, mtengo woyenda m'njira iliyonse kuthirira kuli chimodzimodzi.
Amasiyana m'makhalidwe otsatirawa:
- Chubu cholimba . Drip hoses - ndizovuta, pali zofewa. Zofewa zimatchedwa riboni, zovuta - hoses. Zovuta zitha kugwira ntchito mpaka nyengo 10, zofewa - mpaka 3-4. Matepi ndi awa:
- Wosamukira-wocheperako - wokhala ndi khoma la 0,1-0.3 mm. Amangoyikidwa pamtunda wokha, moyo wawo wantchito ndi nthawi imodzi.
- Riboni yolumikizidwa ili ndi khoma la 0,31-0.81 mm, moyo wa ntchito - mpaka nyengo 3-4, pali malo okhalamo.
Kuthirira kumatha kupanga bungwe ndi nthito kapena hoses
- Mainchesi. Zimakhudza zokolola ndi kutalika kwakukulu. Umodzi wamkati wa hoses ukhoza kuyambira 14 mpaka 25 mm, matepi kuyambira 12 mpaka 22 mm. Pakati pa riboni wofala kwambiri ndi 16 mm.
- Kudya Madzi . Amasankhidwa kutengera kuchuluka kwamphamvu kuthirira. Ma rases amatha kupanga 0,6-8.0 L / H, nthiti yocheperako - 0,25-2.9 L / H, matepi oyenda-g /0-8 l / h. Kutuluka uku kudzera mu dontho lililonse.
- Mtunda pakati pa otayika. Itha kukhala kuyambira 10 mpaka 100 cm. Amasankhidwa kutengera madzi ofunikira ndipo mbewu zimabzalidwa kangati.
- Otsitsa akhoza kukhala ndi zotulutsa chimodzi kapena ziwiri. Kutuluka kwamadzi kumakhalabe khola. Kuzama kokha ndi malo omwe madzi akufalikira akusintha. Kutulutsa kamodzi, dera limakhala locheperako, mozama kwambiri, ndi zotulukapo ziwiri, malo okhala kuthirira, kuzama kumatsika.
Zotulutsa chimodzi kapena ziwiri. Sankhani kutengera mizu ya mbewu
- Njira Yogona - Pamutu, mobisa, kuphatikiza.
- Kukakamiza kutengera. Amasintha malire kutengera wopanga: kuchokera ku 0,4 bar mpaka 1.4 bar. Mumasankha kutengera ngati muli ndi kachitidwe, mapampu ogwiritsira ntchito madzi amagwiritsidwa ntchito kapena kulumikizidwa kwa onse kumadzi.
Kutalika kwakukulu kwa chingwe chothirira kumatsimikiziridwa kuti malo ogulitsira madzi osagwirizana ndi chiyambi ndi kumapeto kwa tepiyo sikunapitirire 10-15%. Pamiyala, itha kukhala mamita 1,500 kuti matepi - 600 metres. Kuti mugwiritse ntchito patokha, mfundo zotere sizikufuna, koma ndizothandiza kudziwa).
Dontho
Nthawi zina zimakhala zosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito matepi, koma otaya. Awa ndi zida zolekanitsa zomwe zimayikidwa mu dzenje mu payipi mu hose ndipo madzi amaperekedwa ndi muzu wa chomera. Amatha kukhazikitsidwa ndi gawo lotsutsana - kuyika zidutswa zingapo pamalo amodzi, kenako zina. Ndikosavuta pakagwa kuthirira kapena mitengo idakonzedwa.
Zovala zolekanitsidwa zomwe zaikidwa mu hose ndizothandiza kugwiritsa ntchito zitsamba, mphesa ndi mitengo ikathirira
Ndi mitundu iwiri - yokhala ndi mitundu yokhazikika (yokhazikika) ndikumasulidwa kwamadzi. Thupi nthawi zambiri limakhala pulasitiki, pa dzanja limodzi pali zoyenerera, zomwe zimayikidwa mu dzenje lomwe limayikidwa mu payipi (nthawi zina miphete ya mphira imagwiritsidwa ntchito kusindikizidwa).
Palinso magwero olumala - ndipo osagwirizana. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito zolipiridwa nthawi iliyonse yothirira madzi, kutulutsidwa kwamadzi kudzakhala komweko (pafupifupi), mosasamala kanthu za mpumulo ndi malo (koyambirira kapena kumapeto kwa mzere).
Pali zida zonga "kangaude". Apa ndipamene machubu ochepa opyapyala amalumikizidwa ndi zotulutsa chimodzi. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zitheke madzi angapo kuchokera ku malo amodzi otuluka (chiwerengero cha oponya chimachepetsedwa).
Thumba la Thumble - Mutha madzi kuchokera ku gawo limodzi lamadzi
Momwe mungapangire nyumba yobiriwira itha kuwerengedwa pano. Ndipo mundawo walembedwa apa.
Mapaipi akulu ndi zokwanira
Popanga dongosolo lokhala ndi bomba lalikulu kuchokera ku gwero lamadzi kupita kudera lothirira, mapaipi apulasitiki ndi magetsi amagwiritsidwa ntchito:
- polypropylene (PPR);
- Polyvinyl chloride (pvc);
- Polyethylene:
- kupanikizika kwambiri (PVD);
- Kukakamizidwa kotsika (PTT).
Mapaipi onsewa amalekeredwa ndi kulumikizana ndi madzi, osang'amba, osalowerera ndale ndipo samayankha feteleza. Pothirira wowonjezera kutentha, munda wamasamba wamasamba, udzu umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi mainchesi 32 mm.
Mapaupi amtengo ndi pulasitiki. Mwachindunji lembani chilichonse: PPRE, PVD, PVC
M'malo ochotsa mizere, tes amaikidwa, yipi ya kutsekera kapena tepi yolumikizidwa ndi zotulukazo. Popeza ndiocheperako pang'ono, mungafunike madilesi, ndipo m'mimba mwake ikuyenera kukhala yolingana mkati mwanyumbayi (kapena ikhale yocheperako). Ndikotheka kukhazikitsa riboni / hoses fortings pogwiritsa ntchito ma cursi achitsulo.
Komanso, mafomu amatha kupangidwa kudzera mu zoukira zapadera, zomwe zimayikidwa m'dzenje la zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito munyumba yofunikira (monga chithunzi pamwambapa).
Nthawi zina pee pa mzere uliwonse wagawidwe ka madzi, crane imayikidwa, yomwe imakupatsani mwayi kuzimitsa mizereyo. Ndi yabwino ngati kuthirira komwe kuthirira kumasungunulidwa pazomera chinyontho ndi iwo omwe sakonda madzi okwanira.
Ngati mukukayikira kusankha zigawo ndikusankha kukula kwake, muli diames a zoyenerazo, mutha kugula mapangidwe opangidwa okonzeka kuthirira kuchokera ku opanga osiyanasiyana.
Drap Kuthirira ndi manja anu: Zitsanzo za ntchito
Zosankha za dongosolo ndizochulukirapo - zimasinthidwa mosavuta kuti zikhale zilizonse. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala funso la momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito kuthirira pamagetsi. Izi zitha kuchitika ngati mutayika mphamvu yokwanira yamadzi kutalika kwa mita 1.5. Izi zimapangitsa kukakamizidwa pang'ono kwa 0.2 ATM. Ndikokwanira kuthirira dera laling'ono lamasamba kapena dimba.
Tchati cha kuthirira chothirira
Mu mphamvu, madzi amatha kuperekedwa kuchokera ku madongosolo a madzi, kupopa pampu, kuphatikiza padenga, ngakhale kuthira zidebe. Mu gawo la m'munsi mwa thankiyo ipanga crane komwe mapaipi akulu amalumikizidwa. Kenako, kachitidwe kalikonse: Fyuluta (kapena kaseweredwe kwa zosefera) amaikidwa pa mapaipi mpaka nthambi yoyamba, ndiye kuti pali mabedi.
Kuti muchepetse kufalikira kwa feteleza mpaka msewu waukulu, ndizotheka kukhazikitsa mawonekedwe apadera. Mwanjira yosavuta, ili, monga momwe chithunzi pamwambapa, itha kukhala chidebe pamiyendo, pansi pomwe bowo lidachitika, ndipo payipi imayikidwa. Amafunikiranso valavu yotseka (crane). Amagwera pa mapaipi kudutsa.
Ngati ndi kotheka, mutha madzi ndi zitsamba ndi mitengo yazipatso. Kusiyana konse kuli poti tepi kapena payipi imakhazikika kuzungulira thunthu patali. Mzere umodzi umachotsedwa pamtengo uliwonse, tchire limatha kuthirira zidutswa zingapo pamzere womwewo. Pokhapokha ngati mungagwiritse ntchito patose wamba, momwe mumayika ma starepers okhala ndi madzi ofunikira.
Ngati kukakamizidwa pang'ono mu kachitidwe sikukugwirizanitsa, pa njira yayikulu yamadzi yomwe mungakhazikitse pampu (onani chithunzi pansipa) kapena pompopompo. Adzapereka madzi ngakhale malo akutali.
Drop Full Scheme ndi Press Press Prop
Kodi ndizotheka kusunga madzi molunjika ku Gwero? Ndizotheka, koma osafunika. Ndipo sizigwirizana ndi zovuta zaukadaulo - sizochulukirapo, koma kotero kuti mbewuzo ndizozizira madzi osakonda. Chifukwa chake, ambiri mwa miyeso yothirira miyeso - ya greenhouses, masamba masamba masamba, minda ndi minda yamphesa - gwiritsani ntchito zokwanira. Mwa iwo, madzi amatenthedwa, kenako kusunthidwa ndi tsambalo.
Za momwe mungapangire mabedi okwera kuti muwerenge zokolola pano.
Drup kuthirira: Momwe mungawerengere dongosolo
Chidebe chomwe madzi amaperekedwa ndi dongosolo likhoza kukhala imodzi - General, monga pachithunzi pamwambapa, kapena kupatukana pa tsamba lililonse. Patali kwambiri pakati pa zinthu zothirira, zitha kukhala zopindulitsa kuposa kukoka mapaipi akulu.
Buku lofunikira limawerengeredwa kutengera kuchuluka kwa mbewu ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi chifukwa cha chitukuko chawo. Kodi amafunikira madzi angati pakuthirira masamba, zimatengera nyengo ndi dothi. Pafupifupi, mutha kutenga 1 lita chomera, malita 5 patchire ndi malita 10 pamitengo. Koma izi ndizofanana ndi "mafuta wamba m'chipatala", ngakhale ndizoyenera kuwerengera. Mumaganizira kuchuluka kwa mbewu, ndichulukitse pa ndalama patsiku, zonse zimafotokozedwa mwachidule. Kupanga manambala, kuwonjezera 20-25% ya katundu ndi voliyumu yomwe mukufuna.
Ndi kuwerengera kutalika kwa msewu waukulu ndi drip hoses palibe mavuto. Msewu waukulu ndi mtunda wochokera ku crane pa thankiyo padziko lapansi, ndiye pansi kuthirira, ndipo kumapeto kwa kama. Pambuyo popanga kutalika konse, kutalika kwapakatikati kwakukulu kumapezeka. Kutalika kwa machubu kumatengera kutalika kwa kama ndi mzere umodzi kapena awiri kuchokera ku chubu chimodzi padzakhala kugawidwa kwamadzi (mwachitsanzo, mothandizidwa ndi akangaude, madzi amatha kuchepetsedwa m'mizere iwiri kapena inayi nthawi yomweyo).
Drun Kuthirira ndi manja awo kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta :. Mapulogalamu a greenhouses ndi dimba lamasamba ndi chimodzimodzi
Ndi kuchuluka kwa machubu, kuchuluka kwa tees kapena zomangira ndi makomwe zimatsimikizika (ngati mutayika). Panthambi iliyonse yogwiritsa ntchito tees, timatenga ma curs atatu: akanikizire payipi kuti ukwaniritse.
Gawo lovuta komanso lodula ndi zosefera. Ngati madzi kuchokera ku gwero lotseguka - nyanjayi kapena mtsinje - woyamba schease yofunika - miyala. Ndiye payenera kukhala zosefera bwino. Mtundu wawo ndi kuchuluka kumadalira mkhalidwe wamadzi. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito madzi pachitsime kapena bwino, sefa yoseweretsedwa siyingayikidwe: kusefa koyambirira kumachitika pachiwopsezo (ngati kaponya kampuyo amagwiritsidwa ntchito). Mwambiri, zochuluka motani, zothetsera zambiri, koma zosefera ndizofunikira, apo ayi masikono amangomaliza.
Homemade Drip hoses ndi madontho
Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri zolipirira zomwe zili ndi chida chodziyimira pawokha cha makina omalizidwa ndi magwero kapena riboni. Zachidziwikire, amapatsa chakudya chomwe madziwo ponseponse komanso omwa mowa amakhala okhazikika, koma m'malo ang'onoang'ono sikofunikira. Mutha kusintha chakudyacho ndi kumwa kwa makokomo omwe adapangidwa kumayambiriro kwa mzere wa kuthirira. Chifukwa chake, pali malingaliro ambiri omwe amapangitsa kuti zitheke kupanga kagawinga kwamadzi pansi pa mbewu zomwe zimathandizidwa ndi miyala yamtambo wamba. Onani imodzi mwa izo mu kanema.
Dongosolo ili limavuta kutcha kuthirira ichi. M'malo mwake kuthirira kwa Bastard: Madziwo akuwoneka pansi pamizu, koma imagwira ntchito yovuta pang'ono ndikulungamitsa mbewu zomwe zili ndi mizu yomwe idapangidwa mkati. Njirayi ingakhale mitengo, zitsamba za zipatso, mphesa. Amafuna madzi ambiri, omwe amayenera kupita mtunda wanthawi yayitali ndipo njira yodzitchinjiriza yolerera imatha kuipereka.
Muvidiyo yachiwiri, kuthirira komwe kumatsitsidwa. Izi zimachitika ndi matope azachipatala. Ngati muli ndi mwayi woti musunge zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, zidzakhala zotsika mtengo kwathunthu.
Kuchuluka kwa madzi kumayendetsedwa ndi gudumu. Kuchokera pa payipi imodzi mutha kudyetsa madzi m'mizere itatu ndi inayi - ngati mutenga diameter yokwanira ya payipi, mutha kulumikizana ndi ziweto zitatu kwa icho, ndi zina zambiri. Kutalika kwa machubu kuchokera kumadontho kumakupatsani inu kuthirira mizere iwiri mbali iliyonse. Zotsatira zake zimakhala zazing'ono.
Zoponya zimatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pafupifupi popanda kukonzanso. Izi ndi ngati dongosololi ndi chikwama. Chitsanzo - pa chithunzi.
Zinyalala pazachilengedwe - kuthirira mbewu zazing'ono zomwe zaperekedwa
Zimathekanso kuti kugwa kuthirira zomera kunyumba. Ndioyenera maluwa omwe amakonda kunyowa nthawi zonse.
Kodi kuwononga mitundu yanu ku khonde? Mosavuta! Kuthirira kuchokera kudontho
Za momwe mungapangire dziwe kudzikolo mutha kuwerenga apa. Mitundu ingapo yamitundu yokongola komanso yotsika mtengo imatha kupezeka pano (ndi malingaliro opanga)
Kuthirira kotsika mtengo kwambiri: kuchokera m'mabotolo apulasitiki
Pali njira yotsika mtengo komanso yothamanga kwambiri yopangira madzi pogwiritsa ntchito mbeu popanda hoses ndi akasinja akulu. Timafunikira mabotolo apulasitiki okha ndi kutalika kwakung'ono - 10-15 masentimita - machubu oonda.
M'mabotolo pang'ono kudula pansi. Chifukwa chake, zimachokera pansi pa chivindikiro. Chifukwa chake madzi sadzapikisana. Koma mutha kudula pansi komanso kwathunthu. Kutali kwa masentimita 7-8 kuchokera pachikuto mu botolo, amayendetsa dzenje pomwe chubu chowonda chimayikidwa pansi pa ngodya yaying'ono. Botolo logawa nkhumba pansi kapena kukwera msomali, ndipo msomali amathira pansi pafupi ndi mbewu, kutumiza chitolirocho kwa muzu. Ngati ali mu botolo lamadzi, imayenda pansi pa chubu idzaduka pansi pa chomera.
Mapangidwe omwewo amatha kuchitika, kutembenuza botolo ndi chivundikiro. Koma kusankha kumeneku ndikosavuta: kumakulitsa kuthira madzi, timafunikira kuthirira. Zomwe zimawoneka ngati, yang'anani m'chiwerengero pansipa.
Dzukani kuthirira pamabotolo apulasitiki
Monga mukuwonera, pali mtundu wachiwiri wa kuthirira mabotolo apulasitiki. Waya amatambasula m'mundamo, mabotolo amamangiriridwa ndi pansi kapena pachikuto chomwe mabowo amapangidwira.
Palinso njira ina yogwiritsira ntchito mabotolo, koma ndi magwero osungunula. Amakhazikika pakhosi la mabotolo ndipo mu mawonekedwe awa amaikidwa pansi pa chitsamba.
Momwe Mungapangire Kuthirira Kuthirira Kunyumba Kumabowo
Izi, zoona, sizoyenera, koma zimapatsa mwayi kukula bwino ngati simungathe ku Dacha. Ndipo malita awiri ochokera m'botolo akhoza kukhala osamala pankhondo yokolola.
Nkhani pamutu: bafa ku Khrushchev: Kapangidwe kakang'ono