Ntchito yomanga padenga ndi njira yophweka, imafunikira chidziwitso ndi luso lina. Lero mu nkhani yathu tikuyesa kuyankha mafunso ambiri omwe mosakayikira ali ndi chidwi ndi oyamba kumene. Ndipo tiyeni tiyambire, mwina, kuchokera chinthu chofunikira kwambiri - ndi madenga a madenga azomwe zilipo ndi ma rafting, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito akamangidwa.
Rafters (miyendo yamiyendo) ndiye zinthu zazikulu zokhala ndi denga la mbali iliyonse. Ndi omwe amatenga katundu wamkulu ndi zisudzo, monga chipale chofewa ndi mphepo zonyamula mphepo, komanso kunyamula mkate wonse pakhomo. Imakhala ndi zigawo zomwe zimapangidwa ndi kasudzo, zomwe zimaphatikizapo zinthu zambiri, monga ma racks, zikwangwani, zimatha, ndi zina zowonjezera, ndi zina ..
Mitundu ndi mapangidwe opanga
Pali mitundu itatu ya umizinda womata, atapachikidwa.
Zovala zotsekera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha ngati muli ndi nyumba. Njira zawo zolimbikitsira zimawalola kusunthira (slide) kumbuyo kwa mtunda wina. Izi zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe a nyumba zamatabwa.
Zovala zopachikika zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha ngati mtunda pakati pa makoma sizipitilira 6.5 m, monga momwe zimatengera malekezero pakhoma kosiyana ndi nyumbayo.
Ma rafters slot samangokhala pamakoma a nyumbayo, komanso ali ndi chithandizo chapakati, pomwe nthawi yovomerezeka iyenera kukhala 4.5 kapena kupitilira. Chifukwa cha zowonjezera zowonjezera, mutha kuthira ma span mpaka 15 metres.
Thandizo la Rafter limagwira:
- Korona wapamwamba mu nyumba zosankhidwa ndi zosweka;
- Pamwamba pa nyumba;
- Maautat (makulidwe a 100-150 mm wandiweyani nyumba zamiyala. Maurlat amatha kukhala pafupi kuzungulira nyumbayo kapena khoma lokhalo pomwe miyendo ya rafter imakhazikika.
Rafters, ngati kuli kotheka, zitha kukulitsidwa ndi zinthu zina, monga kulimbikitsa (omenyedwa) ndi zikhomo. Izi zipewa kusaka kwawo pakuchita opareshoni.
Ma rafters amtundu wosiyanasiyana wa padenga
Kutengera ndi mtundu wa denga, zinthu zosiyanasiyana zogubudulidwa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe tikuziganizira.Zingwe chimodzi padenga
Denga limodzi ndi malo ofala kwambiri padenga. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pomanga nyumba zing'onozing'ono, monga nyumba zakunyumba, magawani, malo osambira ndi nyumba zina.
Dongosolo la ngalande la padenga limodzi limakhala ndi zinthu patokha, makoma oseweretsawo a nyumbayo amatenga mpanda wosiyana. Nthawi zambiri pankhaniyi, ziweto za denga la pafupifupi 4.5 zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ngati kuchuluka kwa dera lalikulupo kumachitika, ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito miyendo yomangidwa ndi ma rack.
Kukula kwa madenga awiri
Ma rafter omwe adapanga padenga lawiri ndi mawonekedwe omwe amakulungidwa mu mawonekedwe a nyumba. Njira ya makonzedwe ake imakhala yovuta kwambiri kuposa padenga limodzi. Nthawi zambiri zamtundu wamtunduwu umagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga nyumba zazing'ono. Amagawidwa m'magulu awiri akulu - kukwera ndi kukachimanga.
Zolemba pamutu: Momwe mungayikepo pagalasi pansi pa utoto ndi manja anu
Kukwapulidwa kwa holm
Padenga loyera limasiyanitsidwa ndi kupezeka kwa malo otsetsereka owonjezera, omwe adapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito makina ovala. Mapangidwe a padenga ili ndi padenga lawiri, lomwe mu kutalika sikumaphimba mbali ya kapangidwe kake, komanso m'chiuno chophimba mbali, osatseka padenga.
Chitsanzo cha mawonekedwe amtundu woterewa amatha kukhala otchuka "Khrushchev", komwe kafukufuku wa m'chiuno adapeza.
Mawonekedwe a padenga la masamba anayi
Madenga anayi olimba amaphatikiza padenga la chiuno. Ubwino wawo wodziwikiratu ndi kusowa kwa madera akumalo, komwe kumatanthauza ndalama zomangira, chifukwa chake ndalama. Kuphatikiza apo, nyumba izi zimasiyanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe odabwitsa, amawoneka ngati osachita bwino.
Denga lolimba la Mauerlat, madiresi ndi kumira, skate ndi zam'mbali zimapangidwa.
Kukwapulidwa kwa osweka
Kugwiritsa ntchito padenga losweka kumathandizira kuwonjezeka kwapadera, komwe, nthawi zina, kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chapamwamba. Mukamakhazikitsa dongosolo lotere la rafter, zigawenga ziwiri zazifupi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, pamalo omwe mpweya umayikidwa. Zotsatira zake, malo otsetsereka pansi pa denga likhala madigiri 80, ndipo malo otsetsereka am'mwamba amangokhala madigiri 25-30 okha.
Mitundu yolumikizidwa padenga
Panthawi yomanga padenga lililonse, amapeza momwe amagwiritsira ntchito mitundu iwiri yokha - kukwera ndi kupachika. Zomangira zopachikika zimakhala ndi mfundo ziwiri zothandizira, zomwe zili m'munsi, mwachitsanzo, thandizo la makoma a nyumbayo, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwonjezera pa izi zitha kudalira izi zomwe zimathandizidwa, kapena makhoma amkati.Za Zopangira Zithunzi
Mtengo ndi chitsulo - Ichi ndiye nkhani yayikulu, yomwe miyala imapangidwa nthawi zambiri.
Ndi ntchito yomanga nyumba yovala nyumba zogona, matabwa matabwa, matabwa a matabwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito, kawirikawiri. Zovala zachitsulo (zolimbitsa thupi) zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri) zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pomanga madenga ndi ma spans akulu ndi katundu padenga, makamaka kuti mupambane. Mtengo wa mapangidwe a rafter awa ndi okwera kwambiri, kotero zinthu zake zonse zimachitidwa pachitsulo, njira imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka.
Osokonekera kuchokera pamtengo
Nawonso, mitengo yamatabwa imagawika m'mitundu itatu:- Mtundu wotchuka kwambiri komanso wotchuka kwambiri ndi zomangirazi zimapangidwa ndi bolodi lathamangitsidwa, nthawi zambiri bolodi ili ndi mtanda wa 150x50 mm kapena 200s50 mm. Kutchuka kwamtundu wamtunduwu kunagulidwa chifukwa chotsika mtengo komanso kuphweka kopanga.
- Zomangira madenga opangidwa ndi mitengo. Tsinde lamitengo yokhala ndi mainchesi 10-20 cm, chovulazidwa ndikukonzedwa, chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chinthu choyambira.
- Zovala zopangidwa ndi matabwa opangidwa. Zipinda zoponderezedwa zimapangidwa kuchokera ku mitengo yamatabwa ndi matabwa ophatikizidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe apadera. Zovala zotere ndizothandiza kwambiri pakugwira ntchito, bar ili ndi lalikulu kapena kumatakona mu gawo la mtanda. Zotsatira zake, imayikidwa mosavuta crate, ndipo kulowera kwawo kwa Mauerlat kumatsimikiziridwa mosavuta, komanso njira yomanga. Mtundu wamtunduwu ndi wamphamvu kuposa matabwa wamba.
Nkhani pamutu: kapangidwe kake: Chithunzi cha mayankho okonzedwa
Kuwerengera madenga omangira
Asanayambe kuwerengera padenga la mizere, ndikofunikira kuzindikira bwino mitundu ya katundu ndipo amakakamiza kuti azigwira ntchito chaka chonse padenga la nyumba yathu.
Zinthu zomwe zimakhudza padenga ndizachikhalidwe kuti mulowetse kutengera mphamvu:
- Katundu wokhazikika. Gulu ili limaphatikiza katundu zomwe zimakhudza kapangidwe ka kapangidwe kake. Izi zikuphatikiza kulemera kwa madengawokha ndi kuthilira madzi, kutentha ndi nthenga, chinyontho, komanso madenga ena a madenga owopsa kapena anyani.
- Mtundu wosinthika. Mtunduwu umaphatikiza mitundu yonse ya nyengo yokhazikika, kuphatikizapo mpweya, mitsinje yamkuntho, etc.
- Katundu wapadera. Gululi limakhudzidwa ndi zamavuto azachuma ndi mphamvu zambiri. Khalidwe ili likufunika kuganizira za malo okhala ndi ziwonetsero zam'mimba kapena mvula yamkuntho.
Katundu wokhazikika
Kukula kwa rafter padenga kuyenera kuyamba kuwerengera kulemera kwathunthu kwa "Pie". Kuti mupeze mtengo womaliza, ndikofunikira kuwerengera kulemera kwa mita imodzi yazinthu zilizonse zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito. Nthawi zambiri, denga limakhala ndi zinthu zotsatirazi:
- Kukongoletsa mkati (pamakhala zida za denga la chipinda cha chipinda, zinthu zomaliza ndi zinthu zolimbikitsira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito);
- Zovala (kulemera kwa khwangwala wokhazikika wokhala ndi kukula kwa 150x50 mm, mtsogolo izi pamatha kusintha);
- Kukula;
- Kutulutsa kwa Hydro-Mphepo (kulemera kwa mafilimu ndi nembanemba kumayendetsedwa);
- Nyali, yoyikidwa kuchokera ku bolodi laling'ono (nthawi zambiri 25 mm).
- Comrobrechka (nthawi zambiri bar 30x50, 40x50 kapena 50x50 mm);
- Kukuta padenga (kulemera kwa mita imodzi ya denga la padenga kumapezeka pa tsamba la wopanga).
Mukamaliza ku zowonjezera zonse, tikulimbikitsidwa kuwonjezera 10% pa zotsatira zake, ndiye kuti, kuchulukitsa zotsatira zomaliza pa 1.1. Njira imeneyi imakupatsani mwayi woti muchoke padenga la padenga.
Matalala a Chipale
Lingalirani zankhondo zilema ziyenera kukhala zofunikira, chifukwa m'madera ambiri pali nthawi yayitali yotentha mu mawonekedwe a chipale chofewa. Pofuna kuchenjeza eni padenga kuthyoka pansi pa chipale chofewa, ndikofunikira kuwerengera katundu wanu pasadakhale.
Kuti muwonjezere kuwerengera, njirayi idapezeka m'malo ophatikizika kuchokera ku miyezo yomanga ndi malamulo. Fomu ili ndi mawonekedwe otsatirawa:
F = p * k,
Komwe F ndi mtengo wa chipale chofewa, p ndi katundu pa mita imodzi, k ndi koyenera kutengera ndi malo otsetsereka.
Kulemera kwa matalala pamtunda umodzi wa padenga kumayenera kutsimikiziridwa mwachindunji pamalo omanga. Dera lililonse limakhala ndi vuto lalikulu la mpweya, deta yomwe imatha kupezeka ndi mitengo yomanga snap 2.01.07-85 *.
Nkhani pamutu: Momwe mungasungire mbatata pa khonde nthawi yozizira
Katundu wa mphepo
Mtundu wamtunduwu uli ndi vuto lalikulu kwambiri, chifukwa limatha kukhudza padenga la mphepo zamphamvu kwambiri, mosasamala kanthu za madenga. Ngakhale kucheperachepera kochepa kumapangitsa kuti zinthu zitheke ndi kuwonongeka kwa dengalo mothandizidwa ndi aerody. Bias kwambiri imatha kubweretsa kuti padenga lonse lidzakumana ndi mpweya wamphamvu pansi.
Kuwerengera mphamvu ya mphamvu ya mphepo padenga, palinso njira yapadera yomwe pali kudalira kwa Contrications:
V = r * k,
Pomwe v ndi katundu wa mphepo, chizindikiritso, chosankha pamaziko a malo am'madera a nyumbayo, K ndi zothandiza zomwe zimatengera kutalika kwa kapangidwe kake.
Pambuyo polemba katundu zonse, imayatsa katundu wathunthu pa 1 mita imodzi ya padenga.
Mtunda pakati pa lofil
STRARED idayamba ndi mtunda pakati pa rafter. Mtengo wamba wa paramu kuti pakhale zomangamanga nthawi zambiri zimakhala mita imodzi, komabe, chiwerengero chenicheni chimasankhidwa malinga ndi kuwerengera kwathunthu kwa maluso a padendeli.
Kuwerengera malowedwe pakati pa rafter, ndikofunikira kutsatira izi:
- Ndikofunikira kusankha ngati malo a intropallic amasokonekera. Ngati ndi choncho, gawo la mtanda lidzakhala lofanana ndi kutalika kwa ma sun 2 cm. Ngati sichoncho, sitepe imatengedwa mosavuta mkati mwa mita imodzi.
- Kutengera ndi malingaliro a gulu la rafter, timadziwa kutalika kwa zomangira.
- Kenako, timagwiritsa ntchito pulogalamuyo "kuwerengetsa mitengo yamatabwa" ndi kugwirizira deta ya mitengo: katundu wathunthu, sitepe ndi kukula kwa mtanda (mtengo woyamba wa 150x50 mm). Tikuwona zotsatira ngati pulogalamuyi ikunena kuti gawo ili silokwanira, kenako sinthani kutalika kwa mtengowo (m'lifupi mwake kumakhudza zotsatira), mwachitsanzo, mpaka 200X50 mm. Mutha kusinthanso mtunda pakati pa rafter ngati palibe zotupa kapena zopukusa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Poyamba, kuwerengera padenga lowetemera kumawoneka kovuta ndipo sikumveka komveka, koma kungopeza maola ochepa okha omwe mungamvetsetse chilichonse, potero sankhani kukula kwa mapazi a rafter.
Kukula kwa nthawi
Kukula kocheperako kwa mizere yanyumbayo kuyenera kukhala 50x150 mm (40x150 mm), nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito 50x200 mm kukomoka. Ndi ma spans akuluakulu, madenga amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito rafter 50x250 mm kapena muwiri, ndiye kuti, matabwa awiri amalumikizidwa pamodzi ndi misomali. Kugwiritsanso ntchito mabatani ndi miyeso ya 100x150 mm. Kudziwa ndendende zomwe Rafter akuyenera kuwerengedwa. Pachifukwa ichi, katundu wonse amasonkhanitsidwa (onani pamwambapa), zomwe zimakhudza zogulidwazo ndipo gawo lomwe mukufuna limawerengeredwa.
Ngati palibe chikhumbo chofuna kuwerengera, ndiye kuti mutha kugwiritsa ntchito matebulo omwe ali ndi tebulo, osachepera ndibwino kuposa momwe mungatengere mwachisawawa.
Pokhazikitsa gawo la zipinda ndikudziwa kutalika, mutha kudziwa kukula kwa gawo la mtanda. Njira iyi siyolondola komanso yofunika kutsimikizira ndi kuwerengera!