Ungayifaka kanjani i-facade yendlu ngegwebu ngezandla zabo - ubuchwepheshe

Polyfoam (wanwebeka polystyrene) - okuvame kakhulu

ukufakwa, okusetshenziswa kuyo yonke indawo ekufakweni kodonga kanye

amapayipi okufakwa. I-FOAM evame ukusetshenziselwa ukwenza

Sebenza ekufakweni kwe-facade yendlu. Kunezizathu eziningana zalokhu, lokhu kubiza okuphansi,

Izici ezinhle kakhulu zokufakwa kwe-thermal nokufakwa okulula.

Ubuchwepheshe bokufakwa kwe-facade of foam (okunwetshiwe polystyrere)

Izinzuzo ze-Foam zokufakelwa:

• I-Zero Hygroscopicity (Akunasidingo Sokusebenzisa

  amafilimu omgoqo we-vapor);

• ukuqina (okuqediwe okuhle);
• Ukumelana nomsebenzi wemvelo;
• Ukuqina kwejometri ngaphansi kwethonya lezimo zangaphandle.

Phakathi kokubi: okuvuthayo, ubuthi lapho buvutha.

Ngokuvamile, abaningi banomqondo wokuthi kanjani

Udonga lufakelwe ngaphandle kokufakelwa kanzima, kepha ukuthi ungawufaka kanjani i-facade

I-Polyfoam kahle, udinga ukuyeka okuningi. Ulwazi lwezici

Ukufakwa kwezinto ezisetshenziselwa ukushisa kuzosiza ukwenza umsebenzi ngezandla zakho futhi

Bheka ongoti abaqashiwe.

I-Facade of Foam Foam Facade Technology

Izinyathelo eziphambili:

1. nokukhethwa kokubala;
2. Ukulungiswa kwendawo yodonga;
3. Ukufakwa kwephrofayili yesisekelo;
4. Ukufakwa kwe-foam (emthambekeni nodonga);
5. umthungo we-seam;
6. Ukuqiniswa kanye ne-Plaster Facade;
7. Umsebenzi wokuqeda.

I-oda (umdwebo) wokufakwa kwe-facade kukhonjiswa esithombeni.

I-Foaming Facade Insulam Diagam (Polystyrere Foam)

Ubuchwepheshe bokufaka buzofana ne-foamflast,

I-Polystyrere Foam ne-Inferno.

1 - Ukubalwa kwezinto zokufaka okushisayo

Okudingayo ukulungiselela ukufakwa kwe-facade:

• I-Polyfoam (2560-3200 REBLES / CUBE) noma i-Polystyrere Foam (Penoplex)

  (3500-5000 ama-ruble / cube). Ngokwezakhiwo zayo, lezi cishe ziyizinto ezifanayo,

  Kepha i-polystyrere foam ilula ukusebenza ngokusetshenziswa kokuhlangana kwe- "groove comb". Ingomane

  Kuyabiza kakhulu;

• Izinto zokuhlobisa ezenziwe ngegwebu le-facade yokuqeda;

• primer. Kungcono ukuthenga hhayi i-Universal, ne-Primer

  Ukungena ekujuleni, ngokwesibonelo, i-ceresite st-17 (ama-ruble angama-555/10 l);

• Ukunamathela nge-foam (ukuxubana eyomile). Isibonelo, kosbud (Poland,

  Ama-ruble angama-390/25 kg), ubuciko be-ceresit 34 (315 ama-ruble / 25 kg), ama-art art 83 (410 rubles / 25 kg);

Qaphela. I-Cook glue ingalungiswa ngalokhu

I-PVC Adhesive (1 l Ngebhakede ngalinye lengxube) lingezwe kwikhambi le-Classic Cement.

Le ndlela ayinciphisi kakhulu izindleko, kepha kwandisa amandla kwabasebenzi.

inqubo kanye nesikhathi sayo (ukulungiswa, ukugcinwa kwezilinganiso, ukudukisa kanye

njll.).

Amanothi we-Master ukuthi ithuluzi elilula kakhulu

Glue-foam. Isibonelo, i-Akfix (Turkey, ama-ruble angama-390 / ibhola.) Noma iTytan (Poland, 410

rub / ibhola.). I-Foam ilula kakhulu emsebenzini, ngenxa yokuntuleka kwemisebenzi emanzi nokulahleka

Isikhathi sokukhipha ikhambi, futhi futhi linokusetshenziswa okuncane kakhulu.

• Iphrofayili Yenhlalo. Yenza umsebenzi womaphetheli wereferensi wohlelo

  Ukufakelwa kanye nokuqinisekisa ubunziselo bokubeka amashidi, ngaphandle kokuvuselelwa ngokuvundlile.

Iphrofayili inobubanzi obuhlukile, ngokubekwa kahle kokufakelwa. Isibonelo, intengo yephrofayili yeBaukom (Germany) ubude obujwayelekile be-2 500 mm.

Ububanzi beshelufu bokusebenza, mm	Intengo nge-M.P. hlikihla.	Intengo nge-PC. hlikihla.
40.	78,72.	196.80
amashumi amahlanu	112.92	282.30
60.	124,54.	311.35
80.	140.54.	351.35
100	145,00.	365.70
120.	109.24.	523.10
150.	326.00.	I-815,00
Amaphrofayili weSocket Socket	Kuma-PC ayi-100.	221.40
Isinxephezelo Samaphrofayli Abusekelo	Kuma-PC ayi-100.	226.94

Izinto ezilungiselelwe isayithi www.moydomik.net

• I-foam ekhuphukayo (pensil 65 l 800 ml foam, ama-ruble angama-348);

• Iphrofayili yewindows;

• Igridi eqinisiwe (iseli engu-22x35 - 54.9 ama-ruble / MP, iseli

  12x14 - Ama-ruble angama-65 / MP);

• Kuqiniswe ekhoneni lepulasitiki noma elihlanganisiwe

  I-Aluminium Corner.

• Beka. Kukhona ukuxubana okwenziwe ngomumo, njenge-VGT,

  I-Russia, 287.25 REBLES / 3.6 kg. Ukuthenga uPutty owomile, kuzobiza okushibhile. Kwa-

  Isibonelo, i-TM "Students" Chinna, eRussia - ama-ruble angama-405/20 kg. Okuyisisekelo Grey - 225

  ama-ruble / 20 kg;

• Dowel talled (2.39 - 9.99 ngama-PC. Kuya nge

  Ubude).

Isihloko ngesihloko: Ukubumba ngaphakathi kwengaphakathi kwegumbi lokuhlala: ukuklama kanye nomhlobiso wezindonga nge-TV

Kusuka ethu ithuluzi ozolidingayo: Spatula (bushelelezi negiya),

IHammer, i-perforator, i-grater yokuthola imimese, yokugcina imimemo.

Ukubalwa kwe-foam ye-facade yokufakelwa

Ukufakwa kwekhwalithi kwe-facade ye-Foam yendlu kungenzeka

Ukubalwa okunekhono kuphela kwenombolo nobukhulu obuphambili bokuqukethwe maqondana

Ubuningi bayo nokuvuselelwa okushisayo kodonga (isitini, i-foam block, e-pesoblock).

Bala inombolo ilula - ngokwanele ukubala indawo

Izindonga bese wengeza ama-3% ekunciphiseni (5% ngokucushwa kwadonga oluyinkimbinkimbi).

Qaphela. Lapho kufakwa izindonga ze-facade zendlu kufanele zicabange

Ekufakweni kwesisekelo, esingaphansi kwesisekelo kanye nesisekelo sifinyelela ezingeni lokuqanda.

Kuphela lokho kufakwa kungabhekwa kuphumelele.

Kunzima ngokwengeziwe ukukhetha ubuhle be-foam - it

I-Varium esukela kusuka ku-15 kuye ku-35 kg / m.kub. Qaphela ukuthi kwehlisa ubuntu,

Izakhiwo eziphakeme kakhulu zokufakelwa kwe-thermal, nokho, okuqukethwe kuzoba buthaka.

Amakhosi anothi ukuthi ukufakwa kodonga lwesakhiwo sokuhlala odinga ukusisebenzisa

Polyfoam density 25 KG / M.KUB. (Maka PSB-C-25) no-40-50 mm ubukhulu.

Qaphela. Isincomo esijwayelekile sokunciphisa inani lamabhuloho

Ukubanda - Beka amashidi ngezingqimba ezimbili. Ngakho-ke, kungakuhle ukuthi uthenge hhayi eyodwa

Ishidi elibukhali lingu-100 mm, kanti amabili angu-50 mm.

Yini ilangabi le-foam elingcono ongalikhetha ukufakwa ekhaya?

Imininingwane yokukhethwa inikezwe etafuleni (for Foam

Imikhiqizo ye-PSB-C-25)

Kuyaqapheleka, ukwehlisa kabusha isisekelo sezakhiwo zokuhlala

Kuyadingeka hhayi ukufaka kuphela isisekelo, kodwa futhi nesisekelo, phansi emhlabathini.

Izidingo ze-foam:

• IJiyomethri. Ishidi kufanele libusheleleke ngokuphelele, livunyelweUkuphambuka ngobude nobubanzi - 10 mm., Ngendiza - 2 mm.;

• umbala. Izinto ezisezingeni eliphakeme zimhlophe. Yellownisess

  Kukhombisa ukungahambisani nezimo zokugcina;

• Bhala ubuqotho. Ukufakwa, kwenzeke futhi

  Amashidi akhubazekile.

2 Isiteji - Ukulungiswa kwe-facade kokufakelwa

Ingaphezulu lodonga oluzothathwa khona igwebu elizolungiswa ngalo,

Kumele ihlanzeke, ngaphandle kwezinto ezivikelayo. Umehluko wokuphakama okuvumelekile - 10-15

mm. Konke okuphakeme (ama-protocks, ama-hillocks) - kwehla, konke okuphansi kakhulu

(Resesses, imigodi, imifantu), kuyinto efiselekayo ukubekwa uphawu ngesisombululo.

Ungalungiselela kanjani izindonga ze-Foam yokufakelwa:

• Izindonga ezidwetshiwe - Upende uyasuswa (kuphela uma kungenjaloI-Zero Vapor Permeability);

• I-Chalk Trail - i-Primer esetshenzisiwe;

• Ukugoqa izindonga - ukugaya ngebhulashi lensimbi.

I-Primer isetshenziswa odongeni olulungiselelwe. Kuzokhuphuka

Ukunamathela kobuso futhi kuzogwema ukubonakala kwesikhunta.

3 Isiteji - Ukufakwa kwephrofayili eyisisekelo ngaphansi kokufakelwa

Inhloso yephrofayili yomhlabathi yama-Facades insulation Systems -

Yenza lula ukufakwa komugqa wokuqala wamashidi we-foam, futhi unciphise ukuphambuka

umugqa ovundlile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokusho kwamakhosi - kuyiphrofayili

Ukuvikelwa okuhle kwephrofayili emagunjini. Iphrofayili yama-dowels futhi

Izinga lokuqinisekisa eligunyaziwe.

Ukufakwa kwephrofayili eyisisekelo ngaphansi kokufakwa kwe-facade ye-foam

Ukuze uqinisekise ukunemba kokufakwa kwamashidi futhi

Kunconywa mpo kunconyelwa ukufaka ukumiswa (izintambo zamapayipi nge-nati for

Isisindo). Isinyathelo sokufaka kwabo 600-800 mm.

4 Isigaba - Ukufakwa kwe-foam ku-facade (emthambekeni nodonga)

Ungaqala kanjani ukufakwa kwe-facade?

Amakhosi anaka iqiniso lokuthi abasebenzisi - abaqalayo

Khetha kahle indawo yokuqalisa umsebenzi ekufakweni kwe-facade. Imvamisa bona

Kuthathwe odongeni, ubuhle bokusebenziseka lula komsebenzi, uToli ngenxa yesilinganiso salo,

Bese kuthi umsebenzi kufanele uqale kanjani ngokuhlelwa kwethambeka.

Ukufakwa kwemithambeka, ungasebenzisa ishidi elincane

Polyfowam. Lapho ufaka, kufanele adlale udonga ngobukhulu bokufakelwa kanye

I-15-20 mm ngokuya ngendawo yodonga. Impahla eyeqile kamuva

Kutshaliwe.

Ukuhlinzeka ngokufanele futhi okuqinile kokuphela

I-Foam Plastic for Uhlaka lwewindi kunconyelwa ukusebenzisa iphrofayili yewindows noma

Iphrofayili ye-plasterboard (i-angle yepulasitiki).

Isihloko ngesihloko: Ungasihlomisa kanjani ikotishi

Kaningi, imithambeka ayihlukaniswa yindawo ebushelelezi, kanjalo

I-cavity ephumela kufanele igcwaliswe ngesisombululo, nezingcezu ezinkulu

Polyfowam. Kungenzeka ukwengeza ukuhlukanisa imithambo futhi

Yenza ukuqala komsebenzi ngemithambeka.

UMkhandlu. Ukufakwa kwe-takeaway ngaphansi kwethonsi le-30-40 mm kuzovumela

Yehlisa umsindo wensimbi yensimbi ephansi.

Ukufakwa kwe-foam endizeni yodonga kuqala phansi

I-angle futhi yenziwa ngokuchithwa kwesigamu seshidi, isb. Amashidi afakwe ngu-B.

i-oda le-chess. Ngakho-ke, amabhuloho abandayo awafakiwe.

Ngaphambi kokuqala ukuqinisa igwebu odongeni, amashidi ancono

Lungiselela. Okungukuthi, chitha ngaphezulu kweshidi ngegiya roller noma

i-grater. Lokhu kuzokwandisa ubulukhuni bayo futhi kuthuthukise ukunamathela nge-glue.

Ungahlanganisa kanjani i-Foam ku-facade?

Indlela yokusebenzisa i-glue incike ebusheleleke kodonga:

• Ngamaconsi angadluli ku-10 mm. glue wasebenza ebusweni

  Ishidi lisebenzisa i-spatula efakwe emanzini;

• Ngokwehluka ngaphezulu kwe-10 mm. I-glue isetshenziswa incane

  "Ama-blots" ngoba, isidingo sokunamathela ngaphezulu, futhi ishidi eligcotshwe lizoba nzima. Ingomane

  Ukufaka amashidi kucindezela udonga ngokuphuma okuncane. Ngakho-ke glue

  Ugcwalisa isikhala esingenalutho ngaphansi kweshidi. Izinsalela zokunamathela zisuswa yi-spatula.

  Ubungako bendlela yokufaka ukuthi izinga kufanele lihlolwe

  Isetha ishidi ngalinye.

Umugqa wesibili wama-Foam Amashidi afakwa ngokufuduka

okuhlobene neyedlule. Lapho ubeka amashidi ngezingqimba ezimbili, kufanele ulinde kuze kube

Ungqimba lwangaphambilini luzokoma ngokuphelele.

Qaphela. Ukuqedwa kokuphela kwegwebu le-foam kwenza kwenzeke

Yenza ukuklanywa okuhlobisa kwewindows noma iminyango.

Ukushisa kwe-facade ye-foam - ukuqeda imithambeka yewindows

Ukungaboni ngaso linye phakathi kwama-Masters kubangela

Sebenzisa ama-dowels-izambulela, ama-disc dowellas noma ama-dowels ngesigqoko esibanzi

(fungi). Ukuqinisa igwebu odongeni lwama-dowels kuvimbela ukususwa futhi

Ukunyamalala kweshidi. Ingxenye yochwepheshe ithi ama-glue anele

umgcini oqinile, ngakho-ke ukusetshenziswa kwezambulela ukusetshenziswa kwemali eyengeziwe

izinsiza nesikhathi. Abaphikisi babo bathi lesi sigaba asinakwa hhayi

kufanele ngoba Isambulela sizohlinzeka ngokulungiswa okwethembekile.

Ama-Fasteners of Plate Dowel kungenzeka kuphela ngemuva kokugcwele

Glue eqandisiwe. Imvamisa kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-1-2 kuye ngesimo sezulu.

Kunezindlela ezimbili zokuqinisa igwebu:

• Ukuqinisa phakathi naphakathi emakhoneni . Kulokhu, esetshenzisiwe

  5 Dowels izambulela ekhasini ngalinye. Futhi ukusetshenziswa kwabo okuphelele kubalwa kucatshangelwa

  Izinombolo. Ngasikhathi sinye, izingxenye zamashidi nazo zinamathiselwe okungenani izambulela ezintathu;

• Ukuqinisa emaphethelweni aphakathi naseduze noma amakhona . Leli

  Indlela yokonga, yehlisa inani lezambulela. Indlela ingaphezulu

  Ngokuncono, ngoba amashidi amaningana ahleliwe ngasikhathi sinye. Kepha lokhu

  Indlela ilungele kuphela amashidi we-foam afakwe ngokuphelele

  Isidingo sokushintshwa ekuphakameni ngemuva kokufakwa odongeni.

Isikimu sezindawo ezisheshayo zama-fowels amagwebu

UMkhandlu. UDowel uvalwe ku-foam ngokushesha ngemuva kwalo

glue (ngaphambi kokomisa i-glue) uma kwenzeka umsebenzi owenziwayo

Isisekelo kanye nokugwema isenzo sokubhubhisa se-ultraviolet.

Enye yezindlela zokubopha i-Foam Imprellas

Ukuhlanza i-dowel ekutshelweni kanye nophawu oluzayo lwesiza sokufaka

I-Foam plule. Ngenxa yobunzima, le ndlela ayivamile ukusetshenziswa.

Ungayilungisa kanjani i-foam odongeni usebenzisa i-dowel-umbrella enendlela efihliwe

Qaphela. Ngemuva kokuthi ipulasitiki le-foam ihlelwe ngama-dowels,

Hlukana nezingxenye ezivelelayo zemithambeka.

Isiteji esingu-5 - Ukuvalwa kokuvalwa kwamandla phakathi kwe-Foam

Ungakhohlwa ukuthi iJiyomethri yephepha le-foam

Kwesinye isikhathi kushiya kufanelekile ukuthi kufiswe, futhi kuholela ekuveleni kokubukeka kwama-slots

Phakathi kwamashidi. Ngisho nezikhala ezincane ukulahleka kokushisa okukhulu. ngakhoke

Ngemuva kokubeka amashidi foam, kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukubekwa uphawu (kuthiwe

ama-seams).

Ungawuvalela kanjani futhi ungawavalela kanjani umthungo phakathi kwamagwebu?

Inqubo yokwenza umsebenzi iyahluka ngokuya ngobukhulu bomthungo:

• Ukugcwalisa umthungo amakhulu, kungakuhle ukuthi usebenzise

  Ukuncipha kwendiza yamagwebu okubekwa kugebe. Qaphela, umthungo omkhulu

  Ungagcwalisi isixazululo, ngoba Ukusebenza kwakhe okushisayo kuphakeme kakhulu kunokuba

  Polyfowam. Ngenxa yalokho, ngomthungo usazoba kakhulu

  ukushisa;

• I-Foam ekhuphukayo isebenza ukugcwalisa imishini emincane,

  Okushaywa emthunjini, futhi okusalayo kwalo kuncibilike ngemuva kweqhwa. Ze

  Kukhanyisa lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "umthungo ofudumele".

Isihloko ngesihloko: I-Dermantine Door upholstery ngezandla zakho: ukukhala kokhuni, umnyango wensimbi

Kanjani nokuthi ungavala kanjani imithungo phakathi kwegwebu

Qaphela. Izingxenye ezivelelayo ze-foam zisulwa yi-grater eqinile.

Isigaba esingu-6 - ukuqiniswa kwe-foam mesh kanye nosonga wokuqeda

Ngokuyinhloko, ebhekene ne-facade yegwebu ngalesi sigaba

Kuyaphela. Kepha ukufakwa okungavikelekile, kungabi isikhathi eside ukwenza imisebenzi

I-Thermal insulator ngempumelelo. Iqiniso ngukuthi igwebu libhujiswe ngaphansi

ukuvezwa ku-ultraviolet futhi akumelani kakhulu ukulimala kwemishini, futhi

Ngakho-ke, udinga ukuvikela.

Impahla evikelayo yi-plaster. Ngakho-ke wahamba kahle wagcina ephepheni elibushelelezi, kusetshenziswa igridi eqinisiwe. Akudingekile ukonga kukho, ngoba ubuchwepheshe bokufakwa kwe-facade ye-foam plastic lihlinzeka ngokusetshenziswa okuphoqelekile kwegridi yokuqinisa.

Ukuqinisa i-Foam Mesh - Ividiyo

Ungaqinisa kanjani igwebu?

• I-MESH Web Web Web ifakwe ku-70-100 mm.;

• Igridi kufanele ilungiswe ukuze igweme ukubukeka kwamafolda

  (ubeka inetha ngezandla);

• I-Mesh ihunyushwa ngokweqiniso kwikhambi;

UMkhandlu. Uma umsebenzi wenziwa ngesikhathi esishisayo,

Ukuthambisa ungqimba olunamathela esigungwini sokufafaza kuvunyelwe.

• Ukufakwa kwegridi kwenziwa ngokushesha, ngoba Glue ngokushesha

  Futhi idla igridi kugwebu;

• Indawo ekhuphukayo eduze kwefasitela neminyango

  Ngaphezu kwalokho izingcezu zegridi. Izingcezu zifakwe emakhoneni okuvuleka,

  emithambekeni futhi uvikele ukubukeka kwemifantu;

Ukuqiniswa kwama-foams azungeze amawindi neminyango

• Amakhona wendlu nokuvulwa kwefasitela ahlukaniswe ngokukhethekile

  Ekhoneni lepulasitiki ngegridi. Igridi ibekwe kuwebhu eseduze.

  Okunye kungasebenza ekhoneni le-aluminium elihlanganisiwe, kepha kubi

  Kukona ngokuvikelwa kwayo kokusebenza kwekhoneni kusuka ekuguqukeni futhi kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ku-

  Ukufakwa. Qondanisa ekhoneni nomthetho noma ekhoneni spatula.

Ungaqinisa kanjani i-foam ezungeze iwindi neminyango

Isigaba esingu-7 - ukupenda kwe-facade yendlu ngemuva kokufakelwa kwegwebu

Ngemuva kokukhuphuka ku-polymer mesh foam isasebenza

Isendlalelo esisodwa sengxube yokunamathela. Ubukhulu obufanele be-glue ngu-3 mm., Futhi

Injongo - Fihla ukungahambi kahle futhi unikeze indawo ebukhoneni obushelelezi ngokulilungiselela

Ngakho-ke, ukubopha.

Uma isendlalelo sesibili sokuhlobisa sasingabushelelezi, sakhe

Ungavumelanisa i-grater. Inqubo idla isikhathi, kepha ikuvumela ukuba uthole muhle

Indawo ebushelelezi.

Ukupenda i-facade ngemuva kwe-foom yokufakelwa ihloselwe

Ukunikeza isakhiwo sempunga izinhlobo zobuhle.

Ngokufaka i-faning the facade, noma yimuphi upende kufanelekile, okuyinto

Yakhelwe ukwenza umsebenzi wangaphandle. Upende usetshenziswa ngesibhamu sokufafaza

noma i-roller ethambile ye-foam.

Kuhle ukuqaphela ukuthi ukupenda ngopende okhethekile we-facade

Kwakha ifilimu ebusweni bodaka, futhi kuqinisekisa ukufezekiswa komphumela "umphumela

I-Thermasa ", okwenza indlu ibekwe uphawu kakhulu futhi, ngokufanele, ukufudumala.

Imvamisa abasebenzisi benqaba ukunamathela futhi esikhundleni salokho

Isendlalelo sesibili sesixazululo esinamathela sisetshenziswa ku-facade ye-stucco yokuhlobisa

Colode noma iwundlu.

Ubuchwepheshe bokusetshenziswa kopulazi "Compeed" - Ividiyo

Ukusetshenziswa kodaka lokuhlobisa "LAMEAS" - Ividiyo

Ungayifaka kanjani i-facade ye-foam ngezandla zawo - ividiyo

Izindleko zokufakwa kwe-facade of foam (polystyrene foam)

Njengokukhuthaza okwengeziwe ukwenza i-facade

ukufakwa kwegwebu ngokuzimela sinikeza amanani okusebenza kuwo

Ukufakwa okushisayo kwe-1 m2.

Uhlobo lomsebenzi	Intengo yomsebenzi, rub / m.kv
Okokudlala okuthile	150.
Izindonga Zokufakwa Kwe-Foam	450.
-Phaweyo	300.
Ukuqiniswa kwe-foam (kufaka phakathi ama-engeli)	375.
Foam Qeda Qeda (I-Stucco + Staining)	375.
Qeda ukuqeda (udaka lwe-plaxtatus lokuhlobisa)	375.
UFoam uqeda (amabala)	200.
Ukuqeda (I-Brickwork Technique)	800.

Izindleko ezilinganisiwe zemisebenzi zincike ohlotsheni lwezinto ezibonakalayo, ivolumu

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