Isifiso sokuhlomisa ukuvula noma ukufaka umnyango omusha kuholela ekunwebiseni futhi kwandiswe ekuphakameni kokuvulwa. Uma ekuhlukaniseni okungaphakathi kwempahla engasindi, kuvunyelwe ukusika ukuvulwa kwanoma yikuphi ukuxaka, khona-ke ukuvuleka ezindongeni ezivumayo kudinga ukunakwa okuhlukile.
Izingozi ezikhona
Imidwebo yesimanje yomnyango wefektri imvamisa ayidlulisi ukufakwa emafulethini aqala ukwenziwa kwezakhiwo zeSoviet, futhi ukwanda kokuvulelwa konga isimo.
Ukwanda okuvulekelele ezindongeni ezivumayo
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amabhlogo amasha anobukhulu obujwayelekile beminyango, ehluke kakhulu emikhiqizweni yakudala, esungulwe endaweni emashumini eminyaka edlule. Kungaba ukuphakama, kepha kaningi umnyango awuhambelani nobubanzi obunjani. Kulokhu, izokwazi ukuxazulula inkinga yokuhlelela okuhlobisa futhi okusebenzayo kokushintshwa kwangaphakathi kuphela lapho kukhula emgodini odongeni noma ekunciphiseni (ukuncipha) kwalo.
Ake sixoxe ngokwandisa indinyana phakathi kwamakamelo angomakhelwane. Akunjalo kuphela, kuyavela, kuphephile ukwandisa umgodi ngaphansi komnyango ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zezakhiwo.
Isibonelo, uma uhlela ukubuyiselwa kokuhlukaniswa, okungeyona isisekelo esiyinhloko sokusebenza kwesakhiwo, kusuka ku-GLC (DryWall), ukhonkolo e-Cellular (Cellular areight) noma into ehlukile yokwakha, akukho lutho olubi olubi. Ngokuphambene nalokho, umsebenzi uzoba nzima ngandlela thile, uma sibheka ukudluliswa kwamaphrofayili wensimbi ngaphansi kwe-GLC, kodwa ngempumelelo.
Ekwahlukanisweni kusuka ku-GLC, ukunwetshwa kokuvulwa kwenziwa ngenxa yokudluliswa kwephrofayili neshidi leshidi
Kunye into ukwandisa izindinyana ezindongeni ezithwala. Ukwakhiwa kabusha kwecebo elifanayo ekuhlukanisweni kwenani lenethiwekhi sekuvele kubhekwe njengokuthola ukwephule igumbi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umsebenzi kufanele wenziwe ngokuhambisana ngokuphelele nephrojekthi ehlukile, equkethe ukubalwa okunembile kobunjiniyela bokwabiwa kabusha kwemithwalo ngokugcwele ngemuva kwenani eliphelele lezinguquko ezenziwe.
Iphrojekthi yephrojekthi ethuthukiswe ngokusemthethweni
Ukukhiqiza kabusha imisebenzi efulethini efulethini, kuyadingeka ukuqoqa iphakethe eliphelele lamadokhumenti maqondana nezidingo zesifunda:
- Izitifiketi ezivela ku-BTI yendawo;
- Imibhalo yobunikazi bendawo yokuhlala, ikhiphe encwadini yendlu;
- Uhlelo lwaphansi lwesakhiwo sonke;
- uhlelo lokwakhiwa kabusha okuzayo enhlanganweni yezakhiwo;
- Uhlelo lwazo zonke izigaba zemisebenzi yesikhathi esizayo nokunye.
Isihloko ngesihloko: Ikhishi lesitayela saseFrance
Ubuncane bulimaze ukwakhiwa kabusha okungalungile
Uma ucabanga ngakho, khona-ke ukuqubuka kwendinyana ekhulayo efulethini ngeke kukwanele, kepha kuyakufanele. Ngemuva kwakho konke, lolu hlu lwamadokhumenti, okokuqala, aludingeki ukuthi umkhaza, kodwa ngokuphepha kwakho uqobo, abathandekayo bakho nabantu abahlala efulethini lakho. Umonakalo ongagunyaziwe ekuhlukanisweni kwenkampani yenethiwekhi ekwakhekeni okunezinkomba eziningi ungahola, okungenani, ekuweni kodonga, futhi njengengxenye yendlu. Asidingi imiphumela engenakulungiswa, kufanele nje sikhuphule ukuvuleka.
Izibalo zamapharamitha ezandisayo emnyango
Lapho ebusweni bomnyango, okudingeka ulilinganise umgodi odongeni ngosayizi, ungbala amapharamitha aqondile omsebenzi. Sika ukuvulwa kwamehlo ngeke kuhambe, kungcono ukwenza ukumaka okunembile. Ukwenza kuvuleke ngezandla zakho ngaphansi kobukhulu obuqondile bokwakheka, kufanelekile ukukhiqiza izilinganiso ezilandelayo:
- Ukuphakama nobubanzi bomnyango okhona;
- ubukhulu nobubanzi bebhokisi lomnyango, obufakiwe;
- Susa ububanzi bezindiza ezihlelelwe ukufaka;
- Thatha amalangabi bese uwususe ukuphakama kwakhe, uma kunjalo, kufakiwe.
Ukubalwa kosayizi wokuvula kanye neminyango etholakala kuyo
Ngakho-ke, ukubalwa kobukhulu obukhona kungokulandelayo:
- Ububanzi obudingekayo bendima odongeni buqukethe amapharamitha: ububanzi bomnyango we-sash, ubukhulu bebhokisi bumi, izikhala zezobuchwepheshe ngeqembu ngalinye (≈2 cm).
- Umnyango utholwa ukuphakama ngakho: Ukuphakama kokuthathwa kwengezwe ekukhulumeni kwebhokisi, kanye naleli gap yezobuchwepheshe.
- Ubukhulu bendima obukhulu bunobukhulu obungu-75 mm. Ngezinye izinkomba, uhlobo lungezwa uma izindonga zibanzi kakhulu, noma ibhokisi lomnyango likhethwe ngokhuni oluncane.
Ukukalwa nokumaka kodonga kunconyelwa ukwenza ukunemba okuphezulu, ngoba usayizi wezikhala ezithathwe nge-Reserve kungenzeka ungavimbi ngisho namapulangwe abanzi ngesikhathi sokuhlobisa.
Ukubalwa kwe-arch kwenze ngokwakho
Uma ufisa, hlela i-arch egcinwe eguqukweni emakamelweni asondelene nawo, izandiso zokushintshwa kwezakhiwo eziseduze azikwazi ukugwemeka.
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Ubukhulu be-arch ngokuya ngobubanzi bokuvula
Akunzima ukwenza ukuvulwa ngohlobo lwe-arch, into esemqoka ukulungiselela kahle umsebenzi, okungukuthi, ukwenza ukubalwa kwe-arch. Ukuvulwa kwe-arched kungaba nanoma yiluphi uhlobo lokucushwa. Okungukuthi, kungenzeka ukwenza ukwakheka kwe-arch ye-arched, kanye nejika lokubhala embukweni wokudala wecala.
Ukwakheka kwakudala kwe-arch nge-band elungile e-45 cm kwenze kube nzima kakhulu, embongi ekugcinweni kokusungulwa okulandelayo komsebenzi wokuxazululwa kwesilinganiso esingu-1: 50:
- ikhampasi;
- iphepha;
- I-Pythagoreo theorem kusuka kuhlelo lwesikole: R² = L² + (R²-H²).
Ukusuka kwifomula eyaziwayo yePythagora sekuyisikhathi eside ethathwe, futhi izingcweti zokwakha zisebenzisa ifomula ngokubala i-radius eqondile yokujikeleza kwe-arch yesikhathi esizayo ekuvuleni R = l² + H² / 2H.
Usayizi wokuvula: r yimisebe yendilinga, l iyingxenye ye-chord ye-arc, H - ukuphakama okuphakamisayo
Kungenziwa kalula lapho kunqunywa irediyo yefomu lakudala le-arch, kepha hhayi impela:
- Dweba umnyango wesikhathi esizayo osayizi wemvelo onwetshiwe ephepheni (ngoba ngaphambili lalisetshenziselwa ukusikwa kwangemuva kwezindonga);
- I-zirkul ifakwa kwi-axis of symmetry futhi, ishintsha irediyo, ama-arc amaningana aqhutshwa;
- Kukhethwe inketho ephelele, futhi i-radii esele iyasuswa.
Iqala kanjani inqubo yokwandisa i-span
Kuvulwe i-arched ezibaziweyo odongeni lukakhonkolo
Ngaphambi kokwenza umnyango osodongeni olubanzi, kufanelekile ukunakekela hhayi ngokudilizwa komklamo wemnyango wakudala, kodwa futhi mayelana nokuqiniswa kokuvuleka. Ezakhiweni zephaneli, ukukhishwa kuvunyelwe ngemuva kokugawulwa kokhonkolo sekuphelile, kepha ukuvuleka kwezitini kudinga ukunakwa okuthile kubo. Yenza ukuvulwa kwe-brick kukhulu odongeni olunezandla ngezandla zabo, kepha lokhu kuzodinga uhlu olulandelayo lwezinto ezibonakalayo namathuluzi:
- uchungechunge lwensimbi yesigaba sensimbi kwifomu elithi "P";
- bopha ama-bolts nge-20 mm;
- Amatshe d16 mm;
- amapuleti ensimbi ensimbi;
- Amakhona ensimbi;
- Isixazululo sikasimende;
- ukushayela kagesi;
- Amalangabi, ugesi kanye ne-bollard manual ngombuthano wedayimane;
Ukulayisha udonga oluthwala lapho usebenzisa i-jack
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Ukusika ukhonkolo kungenziwa kusetshenziswa ithuluzi elihlukahlukene ngokwalo, kepha ukusikwa kwedayimane kuyindlela eyamukelekayo kakhulu.
- ama-backups noma ama-jacks wesikhathi somsebenzi;
- I-perforator lapho isebenza nodonga lwezitini.
Isigaba se-Beam kanye nekilasi lezinto ezisetshenziswayo emisebenzini ukuthuthukisa ukuvula kunqunywa ukubalwa kokuqala komthwalo wesikhathi esizayo. Imininingwane etholwe kufanele ifakwe kwidokhumenti yokuqamba kabusha yegumbi lasendlini. Ubude besiteshi sensimbi kukhethiwe kucatshangelwa iphrofayili yakhe evumelana nodonga lwezitini okungenani amasentimitha angama-25.
Ukuqiniswa kokuvulwa kodonga lwezitini zomhlambi
Esiteshini, kungcono ukwenza izimbobo ngokushesha ama-bolts adinga hhayi ngaphansi kwezingcezu ezi-3 ekuvuleni ubude obuphakathi. Sandela ama-screen screeds mhlawumbe ebangeni elingu-50 cm.
Ukudiliza umsebenzi ezitsheni zezitini nokhonkolo
Ukuvulwa kokusika kwedayimane
Ukunwetshwa kokuvulelwa ngokusika ukhonkolo kuqala ephawundi elinqunyelwe kusengaphambili endizeni. Ukusika kwedayimane kuzokwenza lula inqubo, ikakhulukazi uma imibuthano esetshenzisiwe ifinyelele ekujuleni kwama-slots kumasentimitha ayi-10. Lapho usebenza, kunconywa ukuthi kuchitheke njalo izindonga ukunciphisa ukwakheka komoya. Ngakho-ke ungakhohlwa ngamathuluzi okuphepha:
- Izibuko ezikhethekile;
- Isimo sokuphefumula;
- amagilavu;
- ingubo evikelayo.
Kuhle ukuqaphela ukuthi ukuvuleka odongeni oluvumayo kudinga imisebenzi yezwe. Okungukuthi, ukuphuza ukuvula ezinhlangothini zombili zezakhiwo, ngenxa yobukhulu.
Ukuvuleka okuqinisa, njengoba kuphawuliwe ngaphambili, kwenziwa ngaphambi kokuba kuncike imisebenzi yodonga. Inketho engcono kakhulu yokuqinisa ukwethenjwa kokuhlukaniswa kwenani lenkampani yenethiwekhi kuzoba ukusetshenziswa kwamafreyimu we-welded ezinhlangothini zombili, imichilo edlula odongeni.
Ukwakhiwa kokuvulwa okuqinisiwe
Izindonga zikakhonkolo zinqunywa ezindaweni ezincane, izingxande noma izigcawu. Ngenkathi ekuhlukaniseni izitini, kwenziwa ngokusika, futhi amabhlogo ngokwawo angqongqozwa nge-perforator, bese kuba yi-sledgehammer uma kunesidingo. Sebenzisa i-perforator kakhonkolo ayinconywa ngokwezigaba. Umphumela onamandla wokudlidliza angabhubhisa ngephaneli, futhi adale ama-microcracks amaningi, azokwenza buthaka ukwakheka konke. Izindonga zezitini zidinga indlela ehluke ngokuphelele, ekhonjiswe kuvidiyo engezansi.
(Izwi lakho lizoba owokuqala)
Iyalayisha ...