IMansard yigumbi le-attic elingasetshenziswa njengendawo yokuhlala. Uphahla lwe-attic kufanele luqinisekise ukusebenza okujwayelekile kwegumbi elinjalo. Ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kophahla, umklamo we-rafter uvame ukusetshenziswa, futhi isinyathelo phakathi kwama-raffers ophahleni lwe-attic kuyinkomba ebalulekile yokwethenjwa kwayo.
Izinhlobo zezinhlelo ze-rafter.
Imithwalo emikhulu ebangelwa isisindo sophahla, umoya, izimo zesimo sezulu zithathwa ngohlelo lwe-stem. Ibanga phakathi kwezinsika zophahla zohlobo lwe-attic lunquma ukuthi iyiphi ingxenye yomthwalo entweni ngayinye. Ukukhetha okulungile kuphela kwebanga okuzoqinisekisa ukuqina kophahla lonke.
IMansard: Izici zohlelo
Ama-rafter abizwa ngokuthi ama-carriers beams lapho kuvikelwa khona, okunamathiselwe okwengeziwe nophahla lwangaphandle kophahla lwe-attic.
Izinto zivame ukwenziwa ngesimo sebha enezinkuni eziqinile noma ibhodlela elinobukhulu okungenani buka-50 mm. Kwesinye isikhathi ukungena kungasetshenziswa. Ngezakhiwo ezihlala isikhathi eside, zensimbi kanye nemishayo ekhonkolo eqinisiwe iyasetshenziswa.
Ophahleni lwe-attic, olunye lwezinhlobo ezimbili ze-rafter systems (ukuguqulwa noma ukumiswa) kuyasetshenziswa, kanye nenhlanganisela yazo zombili izinketho emklamweni owodwa. Uhlobo lwe-Umbuso lubonakala ngokusekelwa kwalowo nalowo obhalwe odongeni lwesakhiwo. Uhlobo lokumiswa lusho izinto ezixhumanisayo kwifreyimu ejwayelekile elungiselelwe kuphela ngokwesekela ngokweqile.
Isikimu sohlelo lwe-raffle lophahla oluphukile lwe-attic.
Uhlobo luni lohlelo lwe-rafter olusetshenziswayo, ophahleni lwe-attic luhlukaniswe ngezikhathi ezithile ezinhlotsheni ezilandelayo: ezihlaselwe ezizodwa, duplex, ephukile, itende kanye nehambile. Ekwakhiweni kwangasese, uphahla olulodwa, oluphindwe kabili noma oluphukile lunokusetshenziswa okugcwele kakhulu. Ophahleni oluhlangene olulodwa, i-rafter isuselwa ezindongeni zokuphakama okuhlukile, okunikezela ukutsheka (skate) kophahla endaweni eyodwa. Uphahla lwaseBartal lunezindiza ezimbili ezithambekele, izindiza ngakunye, okukodwa kuncike odongeni, kanti isiphetho sesibili sixhumeke komunye ugongolo. Umklamo onjalo wakhe unxantathu, futhi i-angle phakathi kwalezi zinto inquma ukuqina kwesiketi. Uphahla oluphukile lunezitayela ezimbili, kepha ngamunye wabo unomugqa wekhefu lapho i-angle yokubeka ukushintsha.
Izici zeMontage
Lapho ufaka uhlelo lwe-rafter, ophahleni lwe-attic lusebenzisa ukuqina nokufakwa kwama-rafters ngendlela yezimo ezilula zejometri. Ukuqina okuphezulu kakhulu (ukuqina) kuxhunyaniswa nonxantathu, osetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kophahla lwe-attic. Ngakho-ke, uphahla lwaseBartal oluvame kakhulu luhlanganisa onxantathu abaningana kusuka kuma-rafters, axhunywe ngama-lag amangalisayo (ama-run). Ukuxhuma ama-Rafters ku-Triangle kuhlinzeka ngogongolo oluphansi olungaphansi (Mauerlat). Ukwenza lula ukuqina kokuhlanganiswa kwangaphandle kophahla kanye nokwabiwa kabusha kwesisindo sayo kuma-rafters, i-lattice yenziwa ngesimo samabha noma amabhodi angenayo.
Isihloko ngesihloko: isithombe se-Garden Benches
Uphahla oluphukile luhlanganisa izinhlobo ezimbili zezinhlanganisela ze-rafal. Ama-rafter aphansi asebenzisa iMaurolat futhi ama-racks axhumene nonxantathu onxande, okuthi, afakwe, afakwe ngokugijima okude komunye nomunye. Ngezansi kwe-rafter of the attic ukuphumula odongeni lwendlu. Okuphezulu kuxhunyiwe kunxantathu ngokufana ngedizayini ye-bartal.
Umdwebo 1. Ukuhlanza izigaba ithebula lezindonga.
Ukuphela okuphansi kwe-rafter kulungiswe kwi-lag eguqukayo, futhi amaphethelo aphezulu axhumeke ndawonye ngokugijima okuphezulu okuphezulu. Amakhona aphansi kanxantathu onesibopho axhumeke komunye nomunye esebenzisa ukugijima okude okude. Uhlelo olusungulwe ama-hanging rafter luhlelwe ohlelweni oluphansi lweRafter. Ama-racks angeziwe mpo asetshenziselwa ukuqinisa onxantathu abangenhla. Ngakho-ke, uphahla lwe-attic luseceleni ngakunye phezulu kwekhefu. Kusuka odongeni kuqala ngobuqili okukhulu, bese kuba nokubukeka okunomusa ngokwengeziwe.
Ukuxhumeka kwe-attic ebekiwe ye-attic nebha elide (kufaka phakathi nophahla lophahla) kukhiqizwa ngendlela ye-slingel kubha yesithathu ukuphakama kwayo. Ukulungisa imishayo eguquguqukayo kungakuhle ukukhiqiza uxhumano lwesikulufa. Ngama-fasteners anjalo, imisebenzi yezinhlelo ezimbili ezahlukene ze-rafal zihlukaniswe, futhi zibalwa njengezinhlelo ezihlukile.
Amapharamitha abhekwe lapho ekhetha ama-rafters
Lapho ukhetha ukwakheka kohlelo lwe-rafter, usayizi wezingodo futhi inani lezinto ezibalulekile ukuphendula yonke imithwalo ethinta i-rafyed. Le mithwalo ingahlukaniswa yaba ngumlingiswa waphakade nowesikhashana, ngezikhathi ezithile noma zesikhashana. Ngaphansi komthwalo waphakade, isisindo sazo zonke izakhi zophahla lwe-attic kufanele zithathwe: ukwakhiwa okuqinile okunamapharele ngokwako, indawo ephansi yophahla, izandla zokuvikela kanye nezinto zokufakelwa, izici zokunamathiselwe kwe-attic. Isisindo sophahla lwangaphandle singahluka ngobudlova ngokuya ngohlobo lwezinto zohlobo nokuhlanganisa.
Umdwebo wobude obude obude be-rafter kusuka e-angle yokuthambekela kophahla.
Njengomthwalo wesikhashana noma wezikhathi ezithile, kufanele kubhekwe nezinto zemvelo. Lokhu, okokuqala, isisindo seqhwa ebusika. Umthelela omkhulu umoya, futhi ukuqondisa komthwalo onjalo kungahluka. Kwezinye izifunda, le nto ingahle ibe yisinqumo. Akunakwenzeka ukunganaki amathuba okugeleza kwamanzi esiphepho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyadingeka ukubheka isisindo sabantu nezinto zokwakha lapho kufezekisa umsebenzi wokulungisa ophahleni.
Isihloko ngesihloko: Layisha ku-loggia kanye ne-balcony
IJiyomethri yophahla nohlelo lweRafter linomphumela obalulekile ekusakazweni komthwalo. Amapharamitha ayisisekelo angabhalwa ngobude nobubanzi bophahla, kanye nokuqina kwesiketi. Ubude bophahla buthinta kakhulu ukusatshalaliswa komthwalo, ngakho-ke kunesidingo esiphakeme ukusebenzisa ama-racks aqinisayo. Ukwanda kobubanzi bophahla kuholela ekwandeni komthwalo kuwo wonke ama-attic raft, kusukela ubude bawo kanye nesisindo esiphelele sazo zonke izinto zanda. Ophahleni olubhejiwe, uhlobo oluphukile lufanelekile ngenxa yokuba khona kwama-rack aphakathi nendawo kanye nokwabiwa kabusha kwemithwalo phakathi kwezinhlelo ezihlukile ezisheshayo.
Ushintsho oluse-Ridge lwesikebhe luthinta amapharamitha acidelyly. Ukwanda kokuqina, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kunciphisa ukunqwabelana kwesembozo seqhwa bese kusabalalisa umthwalo ezindongeni ezithwala indlu, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ubude be-rafter kanye nophahla olukhuphuka, okuyingozi enomoya izindawo. Ukuqoqwa kwemithwalo ezindongeni nakho kungathinta kabi ukwethenjwa kwendlu, ngoba ukwehla kwemithwalo ku-rafyl, imithwalo njalo lapho kusala khona.
Izidingo zokuqukethwe kohlelo lwe-rafter
Ama-rafty onamathisela ama-rafter eMauerlat.
Ukubalwa kwenombolo yama-rafters kanye namapharamitha wokufaka kususelwa ekwakhiweni kwezinto ezisezingeni eliphakeme ezisetshenzisiwe. Kulokhu kuxhumeka, okuqukethwe kufanele kukhethwe uhlelo lweSolo, ngokususelwa kule mibandela elandelayo.
Njenge-rafter enkulu, isikhathi esezingeni eliphakeme okungenani okungenani esingu-50x100 mm okufanele sisetshenziswe.
Zonke izinto zokhuni ngesikhathi sokufakwa kufanele zomiswe kahle (okuqukethwe okuvunyelwe komswakama akuwona ngaphezu kwe-15%). Inani lezinkinga ezincane eziku-bar alikwazi ukwedlula izingcezu ezi-3 nge-1 m. Isihlahla ngaphambi kokufakwa kucutshungulwa yi-antiseptic. Okukhonjiswe kahle izinkuni zamadwala ama-coniferous. Ama-racks mpo enziwe ngebha ngosayizi okungenani we-100x100 mm ngokubheka indawo yawo emile usebenzisa i-plumb.
Izici zokubalwa kwe-rafal
Ngemuva kokukhetha ukwakheka kophahla lwe-attic (kususelwa ezincomeni zochwepheshe nangokuhambisana nedatha yereferensi), amapharamitha wokubala aphambili), amapharamitha wokubala aphambili webanga phakathi kwama-rafter (isinyathelo se-rafter) nenombolo yawo. Imvamisa, ibanga phakathi kwama-rafter lisuka ku-0,6 liye ku-1.5 m. Ukubalwa kususelwa eqinisweni lokuthi umthwalo ofanele kufanele ube ngu-40-60 kg ubude be-rafter, kanye ne-deflection ephezulu ye-beams ingu-1/250 kusukela kubude bayo.
Isihloko ngesihloko: Amakhethini esiNgisi azenza ngokwakho: izinketho ezimbili (izithombe)
Amathuluzi wokuhlukanisa izinyawo ze-rafter.
Inani lama-rafter per emthambekeni libalwa ngemuva kokulinganisa ubude be-skate bese ukhetha ibanga phakathi kwama-rafters. Ubude be-skate buhlukaniswe ngesinyathelo sokusetha i-rafter, 1 (iyunithi) sengezwe kulo mphumela. Umphumela otholakele uzungezwe kwinombolo eseduze engxenyeni enkulu.
Ukubalwa kwebanga phakathi kwama-rafters, kucatshangelwa zonke izinto, kungaveza uchwepheshe, kepha ekusebenzeni, sebenzisa imihlahlandlela yesethenjwa. Isibonelo, kuma-rafters avela ebhodini le-50x180 mm kanye nobude obungu-3 m ngesinyathelo esimaphakathi esingu-3 m; ngobude obuyi-3.5 m - 1.2 m; Futhi ngobude obungu-4 m - 0.9 m.
Ibanga phakathi kwama-rafyles wophahla oluhlukile
Ibanga phakathi kwama-rafter lihluke kakhulu ophahleni olunama-coating ahlukile. I-Ceramic tile ingenye yezinto ezinzima kakhulu zophahla. Okwezingqinamba ezivela kubha ye-50x150-60x180 mm ngosayizi, ibanga elinconyiwe phakathi kwalo lingu-80-130 mm (kuya) ukusuka emugqeni we-skate. Ngomthambeka ongu-15 °, isinyathelo sikhethiwe silingana nama-80 cm. Ngokunyuka kobude be-rafted, igxathu lenyuka ngaphakathi kwemikhawulo ye-Pencomed.Ibanga phakathi kwama-rafs ophahleni olunethayi lensimbi lisethelwe lincane kunethayili lemvelo. Isinyathelo esifanele ngu-60-95 cm ukuthola ibha ye-50x150 mm. Lapho usebenzisa umhlanganisi wesitezi esihlanganisiwe, igxathu elisezingeni eliphakeme le-60-90 cm ngesigaba esanele esiphambana sebha kusuka ku-50x100 mm kuya ku-50x150 mm.
Ukuhlanganiswa okulula kakhulu kuyatholakala lapho usebenzisa i-Ondulin. Ibanga elifanele phakathi kwama-rafter angama-50x50 mm angama-60-80 cm futhi anciphe lapho kufakwa ibha elikhudlwana. Lapho uhlanganisa ophahleni lwe-attic ye-attic ye-slate isetshenziswa yi-RAM ngosayizi we-50x100 mm kuya ku-50x150 mm. Isinyathelo sifakwe ebangeni lama-60-80 cm.
Amathuluzi adingekayo
Lapho kufakwa ophahleni ophahleni lwe-attic, kusetshenziswa amathuluzi alandelayo:
- IsiBulgaria;
- ukumba;
- hacksaw;
- sawubona;
- izembe;
- chisel;
- isando;
- indiza.
Lapho ufaka uhlelo lwe-rafting ophahleni lwe-attic kubalulekile ukunquma ibanga elifanele phakathi kwama-rafter. Ukukhetha okulungile kwale pharamitha kuzokuvumela ukubala inani elifanelekile lezinto ezibonakalayo futhi uqinisekise ukuthembeka kophahla lonke.