Formwork yog tus tsim ntawm cov thaiv thaiv, struts thiab nres, uas ua haujlwm muab cov pob zeb ua kom thiab cov khoom siv ua vaj tse. Yog tias peb tham txog kev tsim kho, tom qab ntawv no yog tsim nyog thaum sau lub hauv paus ntawm txhua hom, tab sis cov qauv tsim loj tshaj plaws yog xav tau thaum lub hauv paus monolithic tau teeb tsa. Thov cov ntawv sau ua haujlwm thiab thaum tsim cov siv sia uas txhawb nqa kev txhawb nqa hauv cov phab ntsa Masonry ntawm cov phab ntsa los ntawm cov vaj tse. Nyob rau hauv tib lub tsev, txoj siv hluav taws xob txhawb feem ntau tsim nyog los tsim lub hauv paus ruaj khov rau kev ua kom nrawm nrawm. Nws yog tsim los ntawm kev pab ntawm formwork. Peb xav tau cov qauv tsim no thiab thaum pouring pob zeb ua los yog concreting ntawm qhov scene, nrog qee lwm hom haujlwm.
Tshem tau thiab tsis muaj kev tshem tawm
Raws li kev siv, cov formwork tuaj yeem tshem tawm (kev sib tsoo) thiab tsis tshem tau. Raws li nws yog tseeb los ntawm lub npe, nkag siab nkag siab cov pob zeb nce siab nce lub zog ntawm qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws (txog 50%). Yog li ntawd, nws tuaj yeem siv ob peb zaug. Nyob ntawm cov khoom siv, tib cov khoom siv tau tiv taus los ntawm 3 mus rau 8 fills, kev xaiv xaiv tau tuaj yeem siv los ntawm ob peb kaum thiab ib co - ntau pua lub sijhawm.
Daim foos txiav tawm tau tawm tsam tom qab cov pob zeb ua tiav 50% lub zog
Ua tsis tiav daim ntawv ua hauj lwm dhau los ua ib feem ntawm lub hauv paus. Xws li cov tshuab pib siv tsis ntev los no. Ua rau lawv tsuas yog ntawm extruded polystyrene ua npuas ncauj. Cov block ntawm cov kev teeb tsa sib txawv yog tsim tawm, uas txuas nrog kev pab ntawm lub xauv xauv thiab hlau studs. Los ntawm cov blocks, raws li los ntawm tus tsim qauv, daim foos tsim nyog tau raug xaiv.
Ua tsis tiav daim formwork dhau los ua ib feem ntawm lub hauv paus - nws tseem yog ib nrab-insulator
Lub tsis-tshem tawm polystyrene formwork tsis tsuas yog muab daim foos, tab sis kuj nyob rau tib lub sijhawm yog cua sov-hydro rwb thaiv tsev, tseem muaj suab nrov cov khoom. Nws yog tus nqi nws ntau, tab sis tam sim ntawd daws ntau yam teeb meem, thiab lub sijhawm siv rau ntawm lub hauv paus khoom siv raug txo qis.
Muaj lwm hom ntawm cov tsis muaj formwork - hollow pob zeb tawg. Lawv kuj muaj cov kev teeb tsa sib txawv - phab ntsa, muaj lub vojvoog, thiab lwm yam. Muaj ob lossis peb phab ntsa thiab ntau tus dhia dhia, tuav cov phab ntsa hauv ib txoj haujlwm. Piv nrog txhua lwm yam nrog xauv, txhawb nqa nrog pas nrig.
Yuav tsum muaj rau cov qauv formwork
Txij li cov txheej txheem tag nrho yog tsim los muab cov duab ntawm cov pob zeb ua kom zoo nkauj, nws yuav tsum tau txaus ruaj khov thiab elastic kom tawm tsam lub siab ntawm qhov loj ntawm cov ua kua. Vim tias cov ntaub ntawv rau cov ntaub ntawv ua haujlwm tau nthuav tawm heev heev yuav tsum muaj rau ib feem ntawm lub zog. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov ntaub thaiv ntawm cov nkoj du thiab du sab hauv: nws tsim cov phab ntsa ntawm lub hauv paus, thiab cov khoom siv kub thiab cua sov. Kho lawv yooj yim kom du (tsawg kawg yog qhov chaw.Cov ntaub ntawv rau tshem tau qauv
Hauv cov koomhaum tsim kev tsim kho, muaj cov txheej txheem hlau qauv sau rau ntawm cov studs thiab bolts. Hauv kev tsim kho, formwork shrields ua los ntawm cov laug cam, noo noo resistant plywood thiab wm. Cov ntoo ntoo yog siv los ua nres thiab lub raj. Tsis muaj leej twg thab cov qauv tsim, tab sis nws kim heev thiab hauv kev siv ib zaug yog qhov tsis muaj txiaj ntsig.
Thaum lub sijhawm tsim kho ntawm lub tsev me los yog lub tsev nyob, cov laug cam ua los ntawm cov laug cam feem ntau siv. Tus tsiaj muaj peev xwm siv tau ib qho, thiab coniferous, thiab deciduous. Nws yog qhov zoo dua rau kev siv Edged: Ib qho kev daws teeb meem yuav tsum tsis txhob them los ntawm cov formwork, thiab nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom ua tiav qhov no nrog lub rooj tsav xwm tsis muaj kev sib luag.
Yuav ua li cas ua formwork zoo li rau Ribbon Foundation hauv cov ntsiab lus teb
Nrog rau lub hauv paus qhov siab, txog li ntawm 1.5 meters, Formwork Board yuav tsum muaj tuab ntawm tsawg kawg 40 hli. Cov ntaub thaiv npog tau nrawm nrog cov ntu ntawm 60 * 40 hli lossis 80 * 40 hli brucks. Yog hais tias lub hauv paus siab yog loj - nws yog qhov tob tob - xws li cov kab txuas yuav tsis txaus kom loj ntawm cov pob zeb loj. Nrog qhov siab ntawm ntau tshaj li ib lub meter, koj yuav tsum tau siv bar 50 * 100 hli thiab ntau dua. Rau kev sib dhos, cov ntsia hlau lossis tus kheej-npuaj cov screws yog siv. Lawv qhov ntev yog 3/4 los ntawm tag nrho cov tuab ntawm lub rooj tsavxwm thiab bar (rau qhov loj dua 60-70 hli).
Tshooj ntawm lub ntsiab lus: Kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm lub qhov rooj qub nrog lawv tus kheej tes: tsuas iav qhov rai, decoupage, cracker (duab)
Ua Formwork thiab Plywood. Muaj txawm tias muaj ib daim ntawv tshwj xeeb ua, cov lus yaj uas nrog cov khoom siv hluavtaws. Cov txheej tau muaj ntau ntxiv tiv taus lub zog ua haujlwm hauv nruab nrab, uas yog ua kua. Cov khoom siv FSF yog daim ntawv lo (siv cov kua nplaum formaldehyde).
Plywood thickness rau formwork - 18-21 hli. Cov ntaub thaiv npog tau sau rau ntawm cov hlau lossis ntoo ntoo. Ntoo thav duab ua los ntawm Bar 40 * 40 mm, fasteners yuav tsum tau siv luv dua - 50-55 hli. Thaum siv plywood, nws yuav yooj yim dua los ua haujlwm nrog tus kheej-kos duab: cov rau tes yog txhaws nyuaj.
Kev tsim kho cov formwork thaiv los ntawm plywood thiab wm
OSB yog siv rau lub hom phiaj no ua rau lub hom phiaj no ua rau, tab sis qhov kev xaiv no tseem nyob. Lub thickness yog hais txog tib yam: 18-21 hli. Kev tsim qauv tsis sib txawv los ntawm plywood shields.
Qhov ntev ntawm cov ntaub ntawv cov ntaub ntawv yog xaiv raws li qhov ntev ntawm cov duab yuav tsum tau ua haujlwm - kom cov khib nyiab yog me li sai tau. Ntawm tshwj xeeb saum npoo av tsis tas yuav, koj tuaj yeem nqa cov khoom tsawg, uas feem ntau hu ua "kev tsim kho".
Dab tsi ua rau cov formwork rau lub hauv paus txiav txim siab los txiav txim siab los txiav txim siab los txiav txim siab: nyob ntawm cov nqi ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hauv koj thaj av. Txoj kev mus kom ze li ib txwm yog nyiaj txiag: Dab tsi pheej yig dua, tom qab ntawd siv.
Formwork rau Ribbon Foundation nrog koj tus kheej tes
Qhov feem ntau columinous - formwork rau lub hauv paus siv siv. Nws rov ua cov contours ntawm lub tsev thiab txhua tus neeg nqa khoom phab ntsa ntawm ob sab ntawm daim kab xev. Thaum tsim lub tsev loj dua lossis tsawg dua nrog cov partitions coob coob, kev noj rau cov ntaub ntawv rau cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub hauv paus yuav tseem ceeb heev. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrog qhov sib sib zog nqus txuas ntawm lub fildlament.Tus tsim ntawm cov thaiv cov thaiv thiab lawv cov kev txuas
Thaum sib sau ua ke cov formwork, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom ua rau cov sheat teb ceev: lawv yuav tsum khaws cov loj ntawm cov pob zeb kom txog thaum tus kheej tshwm sim.
Qhov ntev ntawm formwork tau hloov thiab nyob ntawm cov geometry ntawm lub hauv paus. Qhov siab yog ib nyuag siab dua li lub hauv paus siab, qhov ntev ntawm txhua daim ntaub thaiv tau txiav txim siab los ntawm 1.2 txog 3 m Cov. Qhov ntev tag nrho ntawm tag nrho cov formwork yuav tsum yog xws li uas lawv tau ua rau lub cim ntawm lub hauv paus (tsis txhob hnov qab coj mus rau hauv tus account cov tuab ntawm daim ntaub thaiv).
Yuav ua li cas ib daim formwork rau Ribbon Foundation tuaj yeem ntsia tau: kab xev kab tuag hauv qhov ntev thiab hauv plawv nroog
Nyob rau hauv kev tsim cov formwork los ntawm cov laug cam, txiav ob peb daim ntawm tib lub ntev, fasten nrog tuav thiab ntsia hlau lossis ntsia hlau. Thaum siv ntsia hlau ntsia lawv los ntawm sab hauv daim thaiv, khoov ntawm tsoo. Nrog kev kos duab tus kheej, nws yooj yim dua rau kev ua haujlwm: lawv tsis tas yuav khoov, txij li lawv muab cov khoom siv ntom ntom vim yog xov. Lawv nruj ntawm sab hauv daim thaiv (ib qho uas yuav raug hais txog phab ntsa ntawm lub hauv paus).
Thawj thiab kawg bar tau txuas los ntawm ntug ntawm qhov deb ntawm 15-20 cm. Ntawm lawv, ntawm qhov deb ntawm 80-100 cm, muab ntxiv. Txhawm rau nruab Formwork thaiv, nws yooj yim, ob lossis peb kab ntawv (raws cov npoo thiab hauv nruab nrab) ua rau 20-30 cm ntev dua. Lawv ntse dua thiab thaum txhim kho tau qhab nia hauv av.
Kwv yees txiav CARIARHE
Cov ntaub thaiv npog los ntawm plywood lossis osb tau sau rau ntawm tus ncej los ntawm bar. Thaum sib dhos, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom txhawb cov ces kaum. Hauv cov qauv no, lawv yog qhov chaw tsis muaj zog tshaj plaws. Koj tuaj yeem txhim kho lawv siv cov fab hlau.
Txhim kho formwork nrog koj tus kheej tes
Yog tias cov ntaub thaiv uas tau ua nrog ob peb elongated cov tuav, lawv yuav tsum tau teeb tsa ntawm cov cim cim qoj ib ce. Qhov nyuaj yog tias tib lub sijhawm nws yog qhov tsim nyog los ua pov thawj nyob rau hauv cov dav hlau ntsug. Txhawm rau kho, koj tuaj yeem siv cov qhab nia los ntawm lub cim thiab cov kab ntsug. Thaum cov ntaub thaiv hlau thaiv yog nruab ze rau cov kab no. Lawv yuav raug txhawb nqa, thiab cov lus qhia.
Tshooj ntawm cov ncauj lus: installation ntawm qhov rais sills thiab toj ntawm cov yas qhov rais
Cov ntaub thaiv nrog Elongated Transverse Cov Nqis Teeb tau yooj yim dua
Txij li hauv qab ntawm cov trench lossis lub qhov yuav tsum txawm tias (compact nws thiab qib nws nyob rau hauv qib), tom qab ntawd muab cov thawv tav toj yuav tsum yooj yim. Sim tsis txhob ua rau lawv nyuaj: nws yuav yooj yim dua ces mus dlhos. Txo ib qho ntawm cov ces kaum rau qib ntawm submetock. Cov slots yuav tsum tsis yog, kev daws yuav tsum tsis ntws. Tau ua tiav qhov tsis muaj zog, siv cov qauv tsim kho, thov raws cov ntaub thaiv thiab rauj lub ntug thib ob kom txog rau sab saum toj. Cov ntaub thaiv npog txuas ntxiv tau teeb tsa tau teeb tsa ntawm kev tsim: lawv yuav tsum yog nyob rau tib theem hauv tib lub dav hlau.
Yog tias cov thaiv thaiv tau ua tsis muaj cov kab ntev, nyob rau hauv qab ntawm lub qhov, raws cov kab Npav Ribbon, qhov bar yog tsau, uas yuav yog ntau yam. Cov ntaub thaiv npog txuas nrog nws, tom qab ntawd nrog kev pab ntawm voids thiab struts yog tsau.
Kev txhawb nqa - cuam tshuam thiab nres
Txhawm rau kom nyob rau hauv huab hwm coj ntawm cov pob zeb ua, cov formwork tsis poob, nws yuav tsum yog tsau sab nraud thiab sab hauv.
Sab nraud teeb tsa. Cov thaub qab yuav tsum sawv tsawg dua li ntawm lub ntsuas dej. Saib xyuas tshwj xeeb yuav tsum tau them rau cov ces kaum: muaj nres hauv ob qho kev qhia. Yog hais tias daim ntaub thaiv daim thaiv kom muaj ntau dua 2 meters, tom qab ntawd ib qho siv nres tsis txaus. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, muaj tsawg kawg yog ob lub Tiers ntawm struts: sab saud thiab qis dua.
Sab nraud, Formworks tso rau hauv thiab kev qhia tawm. Ntawm qhov siab siab, lawv tau ua nyob rau hauv ob peb theem. Them sai sai rau cov tuab ntawm kev txhawb nqa bar
Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los tswj qhov kev ncua deb ntawm ob qho sib txawv. Rau lub hom phiaj no, stiletts los ntawm qhov kev txhawb nqa nrog txoj kab uas hla ntawm 8-12 mm, gaskets ua los ntawm cov hlau thiab cov txiv ntoo ntawm cov kab uas haum. Cov studs tau teeb tsa hauv ob lub tsev menyuam: nyob rau sab saum toj thiab hauv qab, ntawm qhov deb ntawm 15-20 cm los ntawm ntug.
Qhov ntev ntawm cov studs loj dua 10-15 daim kab xev dav. Muaj ob txoj kev xaiv:
- Nyob rau hauv ob qho kawg ntawm kev pab cuam, xov yog txiav. Tom qab ntawd ob ob lub hlau sealing daim hlau thiab cov txiv ntoo yuav tsum muaj rau txhua qhov stud.
- Ntawm ib sab tes, tus lej PIN yog khoov thiab pluav, xov tau txiav nrog arc. Hauv qhov no, cov txiv ntoo yog xav tau ib (cov phiaj tseem yog ob).
Qhov kev ncua deb ntawm cov thaiv sib npaug sib npaug ntawm cov qauv tsim ntawm cov kab xev yog tsau siv ntu ntawm cov kav yas. Lawv txoj kev tshem tawm sab hauv yuav tsum yog me ntsis tuab me ntsis.
Yuav ua li cas thiaj li chaw sib txaws hauv formwork
Lub rooj sib txoos tshwm sim raws li hauv qab no:
- Hauv ob qho ntawm cov thaiv daim thaiv, laum ntev yog drilling.
- Nruab nrab ntawm lawv tau teeb tsa txiav cov yeeb nkab.
- Stiletto tau ua.
- Cov hlau hlau ntsia tau (lawv yuav tsis pub cov plaub hau kom tawg cov ntaub thaiv npog).
- Neeg rau yog twisted thiab nruj.
Koj yuav tsum ua haujlwm ua ke, thiab zoo dua - threesome. Ib sab hauv nruab nrab ntawm daim thaiv teeb tsa lub raj, thiab rau tus neeg los nruab cov khoom nchuav thiab sib ntswg ntawm cov txiv ntoo.
Thaum tshem tawm cov formwork, thawj zaug ret txiv ntoo thiab tshem tawm cov plaub mos, tom qab ntawd rho tawm cov kab tshuam thiab nres. Freed Shield raug tshem tawm. Lawv tuaj yeem siv ntxiv.
Yuav siv tsawg dua
Ntau cov khoom siv tau tawm rau kev tsim cov formwork rau cov kab xev puag: Daim duab daim duab ntawm ob sab. Nrog rau qhov tob tob, kev noj yog qhov loj heev. Cia peb hais: nws muaj peev xwm cawm tau. Ua ib feem ntawm cov formwork thiab upload tsis tag nrho hauv ib hnub, thiab qhov chaw. Txawm hais tias muaj kev cuam tshuam dav dav, nws yuav luag tsis cuam tshuam rau lub zog ntawm lub hauv paus (yog tias koj paub cov lus zais), thiab koj tuaj yeem txuag nws. Koj tuaj yeem faib lub hauv paus lossis kab rov tav, lossis ntsug.Sau khaubncaws sab nraud
Nrog rau qhov tob loj, nws muaj txiaj ntsig ntau dua los sau nrog qhov chaw tav toj (txheej). Piv txwv li, qhov yuav tsum tob 2.4 m. Koj tuaj yeem tsoo tus sau ua ob lossis peb theem. Ntawm ob theem, nws yuav tsim nyog los ua cov ntaub thaiv nrog qhov siab ntawm 0.8-0.85 m, ntawm peb - 50-55 cm.
Yog tias lub hauv paus muaj qhov tob dua ntawm kev nce tsev, nws tuaj yeem siv ob peb ntu, sib cais ntsug los ntawm kwv yees sib luag
Qhov kev txiav txim ntawm kev ua haujlwm yog:
- Ib daim formwork yog nthuav tawm los ntawm cov ntaub thaiv luv luv tau ua, fittings haum rau tag nrho cov ntim tau.
- Qhob tau nchuav rau hauv qhov siab ntawm cov formwork tau ua.
- Tom qab 7-8 teev tom qab sau cov ntawv sau, nws yuav tsim nyog coj txheej txheem sab saum toj los ntawm tag nrho saum npoo ntawm Ribbon. Thaum yug me nyuam ua vaj tse, xis mas mis nyuj nce nce. Txhij txhua, nws ua tau yooj yim thiab nkig. Nws yog cov txheej no thiab koj yuav tau lwv tawm. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, cov saum npoo yuav tsis sib luag thiab ntxhib, thiab qhov no yuav txhim kho adhesion (adhesion) nrog cov txheej txheem hauv qab no.
- Ntawm qhov kub ntawm + 20 ° C, peb hnub tom qab, cov formwork tuaj yeem tshem tawm, ntxuav cov thaiv ntawm cov thaiv thiab nyab xeeb lawv saum toj no. Tshem tawm cov ntaub thaiv npog, tshem tawm cov plaub hau. Cov kav dej tuaj yeem muab tso rau hauv cov pob zeb. Lawv twb tau ua ib feem ntawm monolith. Qee zaum lawv tau coj tawm, thiab lub qhov muaj puv nrog kev sib khib.
- Nthuav tawm daim foos ua haujlwm saum toj thiab ncuav dua.
Cov ntaub thaiv npog tsuas yog ntsia rau ntawm qhov twb tau "ntes" qhob, thiab so ntawm ntug ntawm trench, tab sis twb nyob rau lwm theem
Thaum txhim kho qhov thib ob (thiab thib peb, yog tias tsim nyog) lub Tier Shier tau pom me ntsis ntawm thaj chaw nyab, npog daim kab xev los ntawm ob sab. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kab hauv qab ntawm cov studs feem ntau ua haujlwm yog lub chaw nres tsheb thiab kev qhia. Yog li ntawd, thaum lawv tau ntsia, muab lawv txhua tus nyob rau tib theem ntawm cov thaiv hauv qab ntawm daim thaiv.
Armature yog twb txuas nrog, sab hauv tau txiav. Nws tseem tsuas yog muab lwm txoj hlab kom rov qab mus rau qhov chaw ntawm cov plaub hau thiab muab tso tawm sab nraud nres thiab kev nthuav tawm. Lub sij hawm los nruab rau txheej tom ntej ntawm formwork tsis yog li ntau.
Vim li cas txoj kev zoo li no cuam tshuam rau lub zog ntawm lub hauv paus? Vim tias thaum xam lub zog ntawm cov pob zeb ua tsis tau coj mus rau hauv tus account. Nws mus rau "Tshuag." Tsis tas li ntawd, cov thauj khoom hauv cov chaw ua haujlwm tau muab faib ua raws qhov ntev. Thiab nyob rau hauv ntev peb tsis muaj kev so. Yog li lub hauv paus yuav sawv tau ntev.
Ntsug faib
Qhov thib ob txoj kev yog qhov kev sib tawg ntawm txoj kev npaj ntsug. Lub hauv paus tuaj yeem faib ua ob lossis peb ntu. Tsuas yog koj yuav tsum tau qhia tsis raws nraim "raws txoj kab", tab sis tshaj tawm cov pob qij txha ib pliag.
Hauv lub tsev xaiv rau lub installation, koj nruab ib daim formwork nrog "ntsaws" nyob rau hauv cov chaw ntawd qhov chaw nruab nrab xaus. Sab hauv qhov chaw nruab rau sab hauv lub ntsiab lus ncej. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov pas nrig ntawm txoj kev xav ntev ntev yuav tsum mus dhau ib daim formwork ntawm lub zog siv. Piv txwv li, tus pas nrig yog siv 12 hli. Tom qab ntawd qhov tsawg kawg nkaus tso tawm dhau ntawm Formwork yuav yog 12 hli * 50 = 600 hli. Tus pas nrig tom ntej yog khi rau qhov teeb meem no, thiab ib qho tom qab lwm lawv yuav nkag mus rau cov 60 cm.
Ib qho kev nthuav dav tseem ceeb: Ua txhaum txoj phiaj xwm ntawm lub tsev hauv seem, ua rau nws kom cov "daim" sau rau lub sijhawm no ntawm cov duab sib txawv (saib hauv daim duab).
Qhov thib ob txoj kev yog faib cov phiaj xwm rau ntau qhov chaw (hauv daim duab lawv tau cim los ntawm cov xim sib txawv)
Ncuav cov ntu sau ntawm pob zeb. Raws li nyob rau hauv txoj kev dhau los, tom qab 7 * 8 teev nws yuav tsim nyog nce cov kev daws teeb meem, tab sis twb dhau ntawm qhov chaw ntsug. Peb muab rab rauj thiab tshem tawm cov khoom siv sido-ntsaws, tau txais cov tshuaj pleev li cas (ze rau cov qauv ua haujlwm yuav feem ntau yuav yog ib txheej ntawm kev daws teeb meem). Raws li qhov tshwm sim, lub saum npoo yuav yog shumbat, uas yog qhov zoo rau clutch nrog rau lwm feem ntawm kev daws.
Cov hau kev no tuaj yeem siv tau nyob hauv kev tsim kho ntawm monolithic ntau lub tsev, thiab muaj cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm cov phab ntsa qheb thiab lub hauv paus yog qhov tsis suav nrog.
Muaj lwm yam ua kom yuam kev. Txhua tus neeg hais tias cov laug cam lossis phaianur tuaj yeem siv rau hauv kev ua haujlwm. Hauv kev coj ua, nws hloov tawm txawv: Nws tsis yooj yim sua kom txiav rau hauv cov xis mas nyob rau hauv lub cement ntawm ntoo lossis phahaneru. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws ua qias neeg thiab ntxhib, thiab nws tseem tsis yooj yim sua kom huv thiab txhuam nws: tsis muaj nplej "tsis coj." Yog li, yog li ntawd cov ntoo (thiab plywood, yog tias tsis allection) tseem haum, sab pem hauv ntej ntawm daim thaiv teeb tau nruj. Nws yog tsau nrog kev siv cov stapller thiab nkhaus. Yog tias nws raug puas, hloov pauv me ntsis. Daim formwork txhim kho hauv txoj kev no muab ib qho yuav luag zoo meej du nto ntawm lub hauv paus, uas pab txhawb kev ua haujlwm tom ntej ntawm hydro thiab rwb thaiv tsev kom sov.
Tshooj nyob rau lub ncauj lus: Raug tshem tawm txhuas qab nthab