Madzi ndi amodzi mwa zigawo zikuluzikulu za moyo wamunthu. Thanzi la thupi limatengera chiyero chake ndi michere yake. Madzi omwe adapezeka pachitsime pamalo amodzi kapena omwe atengedwa m'chitsime m'dzikomo ayenera kutsatira malamulo aukhondo kuti apindule, osavulaza.
Madzi omwe amapezeka ku chitsime chachikulu, komanso a Dacha, pali mavuto akulu awiri. Amalumikizidwa ndi mchere wowonjezera, kapena woyambitsidwa ndi chitsulo. Madzi odetsedwa ndi chitsulo ndidera kwambiri pamlingo waukulu, chifukwa samangokhala kukoma, komanso mthunzi wa dzimbiri.
Magwero akumwa madzi
Mchere wambiri wowononga ndi zinthu zina zili m'magawo amadzi atsopano ndi chikhalidwe chamakina, ndi michere yawo yapadera. Timapeza madzi kuchokera ku magwero otsatirawa:- Mapaipi amadzi okhutitsidwa ndi mitsinje ndi nyanja;
- Migodi Yotetezedwa ndi madzi a masika;
- Zitsime za Arsisia zimasandutsa madzi owonda kwambiri.
Madzimadzi si otetezeka nthawi zonse, motero amafunikira kuyeretsa kwamakina ndi mankhwala.
Momwe mungadziwire kupezeka kwa chitsulo m'madzi
Chimodzi mwa njira zazikulu zodziwira kukhalapo kwa chitsulo m'madzi kuchokera pachitsime ndi kukhumudwa. Pakapita kanthawi, chirongo chimasungunuka m'madzi chimayamba kulumikizana ndi mpweya wabwino chifukwa, njira yake ya makutidwe imachitika ndipo odulira amatha kukhala pansi pa thankiyo.
Nthawi zina, zitha kuona kuti madzi oyimiridwa pachitsime ali ndi fungo la chitsulo. Ichi ndi chizindikiro china chachitsulo m'madzi.
Zotsatira zoyipa Zachitsulo
Ngati madzi a dzimbiri omwe amapezeka pachitsime amapezeka, zochita zogwira ntchito ziyenera kupangidwa kuti ziyeretse kuchokera ku chitsulo. Zimatsimikizika kuti zodetsa zachitsulo sizimavulaza thanzi lokhalo, komanso zimabweretsa kuwonongeka kwa dongosolo la maudzu, pampu, kuvala kwamphamvu.- Zotsatira zoyipa za mavuto obwera chifukwa cha chitsulo chokhazikika pamavuto azaumoyo zimawonetsedwa ndikuwoneka kwa thupi lawo siligwirizana pakhungu, m'mimba ndi mavuto.
- Kuukira kwa dzimbiri, kutenthetsa pamakoma a mapaipi pa mapaipi pamaso pa mikhalidwe yabwino, kumayamba ndi nthawi chifukwa cha kubereka kwa mabakiteriya, omwe amayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa zida zamagetsi.
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Kuti mupewe izi zoyipa, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuyeretsa madzi kuchokera ku chitsulo. Timapereka kuti tidzidziwe nokha ndi njira zazikulu zolipirira madzi pachitsime kapena bwino zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kunyumba.
Kukhazikika kwamadzi
Njirayi imapezeka kwambiri komanso yosavuta kukwaniritsa. Ndiko kuphatikizidwa mu dongosolo lamadzi la nyumba ya dziko kapena kanyumba ka zowonjezera zowonjezera, chidebe chomwe chimasankhidwa molingana ndi zosowa za tsiku ndi tsiku m'madzi. Ubwino wa njirayi uyenera kukhala wotsika mtengo komanso mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito magetsi ophatikizidwa. Kutsutsana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira yokhazikitsira zinthu monga:
Ozunalization
Chotsani chitsulo m'madzi kuchokera pachitsime ndi manja awo pogwiritsa ntchito mafuta odzola. Izi ndichifukwa choti za zolinga izi ndizofunikira kuti mukhale ndi kukhazikitsa zida zowonjezera, mtengo wazomwe zili pamwamba kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, ndikoyenera kuwerengera bwino momwe kusinthira kutentha kugwiritsidwa ntchito.
Njira yowerengera siyingokhala mu magwiridwe antchito tsiku ndi tsiku m'madzi, komanso mwachindunji zimatengera mtundu ndipo kuchuluka kwa zonyansa zowonongeka zosungunuka.
Kuikitsidwa
Njirayi imakupatsani mwayi wochotsa chitsulo kuchokera kumadzi pogwiritsa ntchito mpweya womwe umapezeka mlengalenga. Kukhazikika kwa madzi kumachitika m'njira ziwiri:
- Njira yosasinthika. Ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ma spray a padera, kudutsa komwe madzi amadzaza thankiyo. Kuti muwonjezere luso la njirayi, thanki yamadzi ili ndi compressor, kuti mupereke mpweya wowonjezera.
- Njira yokakamiza. Kukhazikika kumachitika chifukwa cha kupezeka kwamadzi komwe kumapanikizika pamtundu wapadera. Mkati mwa mzati, chiwopsezo cha madzi chimachitika, chomwe chimapangidwa chifukwa cha mutu wamphamvu wa ndege ndi kutulutsa mpweya kumapangidwa ndi compresse. Njirayi imathandizira kuti madzi akhale ndi mpweya wabwino.
Mosakayikira kuphatikiza kwa kudziyeretsa kwanyengo ndi mwayi wokhala ndi mwayi wokhala ndi chilengedwe. Kuchokera pazovuta zomwe zimayenera kudziwa kufunika kokhazikitsa pa thanki ya zosefera zapadera zomwe zimafunikira kuyeretsa pafupipafupi. Malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa kuyeretsa, njirayi ndi yopambana kukhazikika, koma kuchotsa madzi onsewo kuti asatsimikizire.
Kusema madzi kuchokera ku chitsulo
Kutsuka madzi pachitsime kuchokera ku chitsulo ndi manja anu mwakukhazikitsa zosefera kunyumba. Ganizirani mwatsatanetsatane zomwe njira zotsutsira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito posefa matekinoloje.Njira Yosinthanitsa
Njira yotsuka ndi motere: Madzi akamadutsa muzosefeseza, zomwe zimapanga zopanga zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale bwino zokhala ndi zopangidwa ndi zopangidwa, zomwe zimachitika ku Ionic zimachitika. Chowonadi ndi chakuti restin ili ndi ma ions aulere - cer, yomwe, pogwiritsa ntchito izi, zimasinthidwa ndi ma ion ion. Pa zosewerera, madzi oyeretsedwa kwathunthu kuchokera ku chitsulo amapangidwa.
Njira yoyeretsera yamadzi yoyeretsa yamadzi
Zosefera izi zimayambitsa kuthekera kwa mankhwala osiyanasiyana kuti azikhala ngati othandizira kupanga mpweya. Kudutsa mu Fyuluta, chisochi chimasungunuka m'madzi kumawola ku tinthu tating'onoting'ono kwambiri, komwe pambuyo pake adathetsedwa ndikugwera kulowa. Zoyipa za njirayi zikuyenera kuphatikizapo kufunikira kwa kuyeretsa madzi koyambirira mwa kudziyeretsa kapena kuyambitsa ma reagents, kuti muteteze zosefera kuchokera kuziyani.Nkhani pamutu: ziganizo za mwana wakhanda watsopano kapena amalankhula molingana ndi chiwembu
Njira yosinthira osmosis
Njira iyi imatsimikizira kuti kutsuka kwathunthu kwamadzi kofanana ndi ena. Izi zimatheka chifukwa chakuti nembanemba imatha kuchedwetsa mitundu iliyonse ya zodetsa ku masele. Kwenikweni, molecular nesotic membranes adapangidwa kuti aziyeretsa madzi osakhala ndi mabakiteriya, koma kuchokera ku mabakiteriya ndi mchere.
Popeza ukadaulo wotsuka mwa iwo ndi woonda kwambiri, ndikofunikira kupereka chitsutso chisanachitike madzi kukhala onyansa pogwiritsa ntchito mafayilo pamakina. Ndikofunikanso kudziwa kuti mtengo wa mafayilo a membrane ndiwokwanira.
Dongosolo loyeretsa madzi kuchokera ku chabwino
Nthawi zina pomwe madzi omwe nyumbayo amawonongedwa pamadzi omwe atengedwa mchitsime, ndikulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito makina osefa. Njira zazikuluzikulu za dongosolo lino ndi:Mukufunika bwanji kuyeretsa madzi ndi laimu?
Zovuta zambiri zimapanga laimu (calcium ndi magnesium bicarbonatenale), omwe amapezeka ambiri m'madzi a madera ambiri, komanso kukhudza mbali zoterezi:
- pa thanzi: kagayidwe imasokonezedwa, khungu la khungu, tsitsi, mano kuwonongeka;
- Pantchito za ziwalo zamkati: mapangidwe a maluso omwe akukhudzidwa ndi ntchito ya urogenital, bile ndi mtima ndi mtima wamkati, minofu ndi minyewa komanso kuphatikiza magazi;
- Kuphika (nthawi yayitali ya njirayo ikuwonjezeka, ndipo mikhalidwe ya mankhwala imasinthidwa).
Malire osavomerezeka a madzi amzungu amabweretsa mavuto otere:
- Zovuta Zanyumba: sopo siwo chiwomba, kuzowerani makoma a mbale amapangidwa, pali oyera pa zovala mutatsuka;
- Zithunzithunzi: Mukamatenthedwa, calcium carbonate yamphamvu kwambiri panjira ya boiler ndi zida za boilele, zipata zanyumba, zimawonjezera kusokonezeka kwa magetsi;
- Zosokoneza zimakhudza injini ndi carburetors zamakina ndi njira zina momwe madzi amagwiritsidwira ntchito;
- Madzi olimba a laimu amawononga mbewu, kupewa kuyamwa kwa zinthu zofunikira.
Mukamagwiritsa ntchito madzi a laimu, chiopsezo chokhala ndi matenda a pakhungu mwa ana ndi 87%.
Momwe mumayeretsera madzi a laimu
Kusankha kwa njira yochepetsera kumatengera malo a mpanda wamadzi ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa chandamale. Kuyeretsa madzi pachitsime, kutsatira:Chlorine ya owiritsa mafomu owopsa - chloroform, omwe, omwe ali ndi nthawi yayitali ku thupi, amathandizira kutsegulira kwa maselo a khansa.
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Ngati pali madzi, kugwiritsa ntchito bwino:
Madzi pachitsime ali ndi zodetsa zambiri zotengedwa m'madzi pansi, koma tiyeretse kukhala kosavuta kuposa chitsime.
Momwe mungayeretse madzi pachitsime kuchokera ku laimu
Madzi akuchitika kwambiri, ochokera pachitsime, ali ndi ukulu waukulu. Njira zambiri zovuta zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochepetsa.
Sinthani Osmosis
Uwu ndi dongosolo loyeretsa lomwe limachitika pa zowonongeka za ion. Njira yoyeretsa imatengera kusiyana pakati pamavuto onse a nembanemba. Mfundo yochita opareshoni ili m'mayendedwe amadzi kulowa mu gawo loyambirira kukhala ndi pulose wotsuka pazinthu zokhuza.Kenako imatsata kusintha kwa lachiwiri, malasha, kuchotsa zosayera ndi zodetsa zamankhwala. Kupitilira apo, madziwo amadutsa gawo loyambirira logubuduza (kudzera mu nembanemba yoyambirira, kukula kwa mabowo omwe ndi ofanana ndi molekyulu yamadzi, ndipo mchere wa calcium umayikidwa pamalo osefera). Madzi agawidwa m'mitsinje iwiri: Ukonde umalowa mu mapira, komanso ndi zodetsa mu chimbudzi.
Dongosolo limagwira ntchito mukagwiritsa ntchito pampu inayake yomwe imachulukitsa kuthamanga kwa madzi, ndikuphatikiza ndi gululi. Chifukwa cha mchere womangidwa, kuchuluka kwa mchere wosowa kumawonjezeredwa. Njira yosinthira Osmosis imawonedwa ngati yoyenera kwambiri poyeretsa madzi pachitsime.
Kuphunzitsa
Amatanthauza njira yamankhwala ndi makina ndikugwira ntchito mukamagwiritsa ntchito zotengera zowonjezera ndi mapampu. Chizindikiro cha njirayo ndikubwezeretsanso (chifukwa cha mankhwala a coagulant ndi calcium ndi magnesium manyowa) kusungunuka m'madzi osungunuka. Kuchotsa mawonekedwe ndi njira yochitira makina, ndi kusefa - njira iliyonse yomwe ilipo.
Ubwino wa njirayo ndi yotsuka kwambiri (mpaka 1 microme). Kusankha koyenera kwa coaglant kumadalira gawo la pH ndi mankhwala oyeretsa. Ma rephents opanga amagwiritsidwa ntchito kufewetsa madzi. Izi zikuphatikiza mchere wachitsulo komanso mchere wa aluminium. Amapereka:
- Kusintha pH;
- Zochita zamagetsi;
- Kukanjana.
Makina amakono amatha kusintha kuchuluka kwa coagulant. Ndi kusintha kwa nyengo mu kapangidwe ka madzi (chifukwa cha kusanthula) kumafuna kukonzanso kwa chiwembucho. Njira yolumikizira imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yodziyimira pawokha, komanso imodzi ya nthambi za dongosolo la kachitidwe.
Madzi ochokera pachitsime ndi oyera okha kuchokera ku zosayera zachibekeke, ndipo mawonekedwe a mchere atha kukhala owopsa!
Ultraistration
Njira ndi yofanana ndi yosmosis yosinthira, nembane kapena nembanemba yokha imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati fiber. Madzi osefukira amadutsa mu Fyuluta, kuyeretsa ndi laimu la colloidal, tinthu tokhala koopsa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.Kusamba kwa Chemical
Ndi imodzi mwa njira zotsika mtengo kwambiri. Pankhaniyi, zowongolera zikuwonekera pa laimu. Chifukwa cha mankhwala, calcium carbonate imayikidwa. Madziwo amatetezedwa ndi kusefedwa. Ubwino wonse wa njira ndi ngozi ndikupezeka kwa otsutsa.