Muburyo bwo guhitamo ibikoresho byubushuhe byijimye, imiterere nibicuruzwa, ibibazo byinshi byingenzi byanze bikunze, ibibazo byinshi byingenzi, bishobora gusubizwa neza mugukora ibibarwa bikwiye gusa, kuko ubundi buryo (nibindi. ) Hatari kure yimanza zose zitanga igisubizo cyemewe. Urugero rworoshye: Mugihe cyuruganda rudafite imiyoboro rwimiyoboro hamwe na MM 200 mm, imwe gusa ihinduka mubiranga ubutaka nubujyakuzimu bwimibare ishoboka ya 40% munsi y'ibindi bihe byose. Kandi agaciro k'igihombo cy'ubushyuhe ku bunini buke bw'ikirere kibuza ubushyuhe birashobora kwiyongera kuri 24%. Ikurikiza umwanzuro ko nubwo itamba ridahinduka ryubwoko na coolants, birakenewe kugirango tubareze ibihome byumuntu ubushyuhe, hitabwa kubihe byihariye.
Igihombo cyo guhosha murugo.
Amakuru rusange yerekeye uburyo bwo kubara igihombo cyumugati
Intego yo kubara ubushyuhe nukumenya igihombo nyacyo cyubushyuhe binyuze mumatara yubushyuhe bwimiyoboro yubushyuhe bwumururumba wamazi yubushyuhe bwo hagati yubushyuhe bwo gutanga ubushyuhe bwo hagati.
Kubara igihombo cyubushyuhe bukorwa kugirango sisitemu yo gushyushya ihujwe nisoko rusange. Kubara igihombo nyirizina cyingufu zubushyuhe kubice bimwe bitandukanye byurusobe ntabwo bikorwa.
Kubara ibihombo byubushyuhe birimo kuba habe habe hateguwe imiyoboro yubushyuhe haba mukoresha ingufu zubushyuhe no ku isoko yingufu zubushyuhe. Umubare wabaguzi ufite ibikoresho byobarizwa bigomba kuba byibuze 20% yumubare wabaguzi usuzumwa numuyoboro wubushyuhe.
Imbonerahamwe yo kubara ibihombo byubushyuhe.
Ibikoresho ukoresheje bizabarwa no kubara ubushyuhe bwo gutakaza imiyoboro yo gushyushya, bigomba kuba bifite ibikoresho byamasaha hamwe na buri munsi. Ubujyakuzimu bwikibuga kigomba kuba byibuze amasaha 720, na buri munsi - bitarenze iminsi 30.
Icy'ingenzi mugihe ukora kubara igihombo cyubusa cyo gushyushya imiyoboro ni isaha yabutse. Ububiko bwa buri munsi bukoreshwa mugutagira amakuru yigihe kubwimpamvu iyo ari yo yose.
Kubara ibihombo nyabyo bikozwe hashingiwe ku gupima ubushyuhe hamwe n'amazi y'urusobe bitemba mu muyoboro utanga umuyoboro ufite imiyoboro. Kubara igihombo cyubushyuhe kubaguzi badapima ibikoresho bikorwa nuburyo butandukanye butandukanye.
Abaguzi n'amasoko y'ingufu z'ubushyuhe barasuzumwa:
- Mugihe udahari ibikoresho byo kubara mu nyubako: Abaguzi b'ingufu zumutimanama - ibintu byihariye cyangwa hagati yinyuma; Inkomoko y'ingufu zubushyuhe - Amazu ya Boiler, Ibimera byubushyuhe, nibindi .;
- Kubijyanye nibikoresho byo kubara mu nyubako nabaguzi b'ingufu zubushyuhe, inyubako zifatwa nkitubutaziguye, kandi amasoko ni ingingo nkuru.
Amabwiriza y'urugendo rw'imbaraga zubushyuhe kugirango abone ibyo yicyumba cyo guteka.
Kugirango byoroshye kubara gutakaza imbaraga zubushyuhe binyuze mubushuhe bwubushyuhe, imiyoboro yuburyo irateganijwe na: imiyoboro nyamukuru n'amashami ava mumiyoboro nyamukuru.
Munsi yumuyoboro wingenzi ugomba kumvikana nkigice cyumuyoboro utangwa hagati yisoko ryingufu zubushyuhe nicyumba cyubushinwa, gifite amashami yabaguzi b'ingufu zubushyuhe.
Ishami riva mu miyoboro nyamukuru ni igice cyibintu byo gutanga ibicuruzwa bihuye nu muzuru uhuye nabaguzi bafite imbaraga zubushyuhe.
Kubara ibihombo nyabyo bikorwa ukoresheje indangagaciro zigabanuka, bigenwa nububiko bwibiyobyabwenge, ubushyuhe bwa cheurmal yakozwe hakurikijwe ibipimo byateguwe (amahame bigomba guterwa ninyandiko zumushinga ninshinge za interineti).
Imyiteguro yo kubara
Mbere yo gutangira kubara ibihombo byubushyuhe, urakeneye:
- gukusanya amakuru yinkomoko kumuyoboro wubushyuhe urimo gusuzumwa;
- Kora igishushanyo cyumuzunguruko cyurusobe rwubushyuhe, cyerekana diameter yagenwe (passpos), ubwoko nuburebure bwumuyoboro ushyira ibice byose byurusobe;
- Kusanya amakuru kumutwaro wabakoresha uhuza umuyoboro wubushyuhe;
- Shyiramo ubwoko bwibikoresho byo kurira hamwe no kuba harigihe na Archives ya buri munsi.
Ingingo kuri iyo ngingo: ubutunzi bwimitako kugirango ijwi ryinzu
Igishushanyo gisanzwe cyabarwa cyurusobe rwubushyuhe.
Mugihe habuze icyegeranyo cyamakuru ya konti, ibikoresho bikenewe byo gukusanya birimo gutegura: mudasobwa igendanwa cyangwa adapt. Kuri mudasobwa igendanwa, ugomba kwinjizamo gahunda idasanzwe izana nigikoresho cyibaruramari. Iyi gahunda yagenewe gusoma igihe nabukijwe buri munsi muri metero zagenwe.
Kugirango wongere ukuri kubara ubushyuhe, nibyiza gukusanya amakuru mugihe gito mugihe cyigihe gito mugihe ibijyanye nubukungu bidafite akamaro mugutegura amashuri makuru kuri Tegeka iki gihe kugirango ukure mugihe cyo gupima ubuhamya bwibikoresho.
Hamwe nubufasha bwinyandiko yumushinga na nyobozi munsi yumuyoboro wubushyuhe burimo gusuzumwa, imbonerahamwe yibice byose byuru rwego rwubushyuhe. Mugice cyumurongo wubushyuhe, birakenewe kumva igice cya pipeline, bitandukanye nibindi bisigaye bikurikira:
- diameter isanzwe yumuyoboro (igice cyagenwe cyumuyoboro);
- Ubwoko bwo kurambirwa (umuyoboro wo munsi, hejuru, chambling);
- Ubushuhe bwubushyuhe (ibikoresho byingenzi byigishushanyo mbonera);
- Umwaka wa gari.
Imbonerahamwe yubushyuhe bwubutaka numwuka wo hanze.
Imbonerahamwe ijyanye yongeyeho yerekana uburebure bwurubuga nizina ryintangiriro yintangiriro yikarere irimo gusuzumwa.
Ukurikije amakuru yumurimo wikimenyi, ni ngombwa gushushanya imbonerahamwe yubushyuhe bwuburinganire bwubutaka hamwe numwuka wo hanze muburyo butandukanye bwimbitse bwibitabo bya gasket byagereranijwe imyaka 5. Impuzandengo yu Butaka bwumwaka nubushyuhe bwo hanze bisobanurwa nkikigereranyo cyimibare yigereranije indangagaciro zigihe cyose cyo gukora neza. Ukurikije gahunda yemewe yubushyuhe bwingufu zubushyuhe, birakenewe kumenya ubushyuhe buri kwezi bwamazi yumuyoboro mubibazo bitandukanye kandi bigaburira.
Kugirango umenye impuzandengo ya buri kwezi yamazi yumuyoboro, ugomba kumenya ubushyuhe bwumwuka wo hanze. Impuzandengo yumwaka yumurongo wamazi ya Network muburyo butandukanye kandi bwo gutanga ibitekerezo bisobanurwa nkikigereranyo cyujuje ubuziranenge buri kwezi, uzirikana igihe cyumurongo wubushyuhe amezi no kumwaka wa kalenda. Ukurikije inzira yo gukora ibijyanye no gukoresha ubushyuhe, ishobora kuboneka mu ishyirahamwe ry'ubushyuhe, ugomba gushushanya imbonerahamwe amakuru akurikira yatanzwe kuri buri muguzi:
Indangagaciro zibazwe zikoreshwa mumazi ya Network kumazi ashyushye.
- Ubwoko bwa sisitemu yo gutanga ubushyuhe (gufunga cyangwa gufungura);
- Izina ry'abaguzi ingufu zubushyuhe;
- Umutwaro wa sisitemu ya Ventilation;
- Umutwaro urekura sisitemu yo gushyushya;
- Agaciro k'umutwaro uhuza sisitemu y'amazi ashyushye;
- Ubujyakuzimu bw'isaha na Archives ya buri munsi;
- ikirango (izina) Ibaruramari;
- Kubura cyangwa kuboneka kwamakuru nkuru.
Niba ufite ikusanyamakuru ryibanze ukurikije ibisubizo byo gupima, ugomba guhitamo igihe kubara igihombo cyubushyuhe kizakorwa. Muri icyo gihe, ibintu byinshi bigomba kwitabwaho, aribyo:
- Kugirango wongere ukuri kubara ubushyuhe, nibyiza guhitamo igihe gifite amazi make (nkibisabwa, iki ni igihe cyihutirwa);
- Mugihe cyatoranijwe, iteganyagihe ryabaguzi kuva umuyoboro ushuka ntugomba gukorwa;
- Gupima ibipimo byerekana byibuze iminsi 30.
Formula yo kubara igihombo cyubushyuhe.
Mugihe habuze gukusanya amakuru, ugomba gukusanya ububiko bwa buri munsi na clock muri abaguzi no ku isoko cyangwa mudasobwa igendanwa hamwe namakuru yashyizweho kugirango asome amakuru abushyuhe yashizwemo Ibi.
Kubara igihombo cyubushyuhe, ugomba kugira amakuru akurikira:
- Ubushyuhe bw'amazi y'amashanyarazi mu miyoboro y'ibinyoma mu baguzi;
- Kunywa amazi yumuyoboro mumiyoboro yuburiganya mubaguzi;
- Ubushyuhe bw'amazi y'amashanyarazi mu buryo butandukanye kandi butanga ibicuruzwa ku isoko y'ubushyuhe;
- Kunywa amazi yumuyoboro mumiyoboro yo gutanga isoko yubushyuhe;
- Kunywa amazi ku isoko yingufu.
Ingingo ku ngingo: Sekinsi ya Wallpaper: Imbere
Uburyo bwo gutunganya amakuru yinkomoko yibikoresho byo kuriramari
Igikorwa nyamukuru cyo gutunganya amakuru ni uguhindura amadosiye yinkomoko asome muburebure bwa metero yubushyuhe muburyo bumwe (verisiyo) yibipimo byapimwe nuburinganire.
Igishushanyo mbonera cy'ubushyuhe.
Kubara ubushyuhe bwubwoko butandukanye, amakuru arasomwa muburyo butandukanye kandi bukasaba uburyo bujyanye no gutunganya. Rero, kubice bimwe byo muri metero yubushyuhe mubaguzi batandukanye, ibipimo byabitswe mububiko birashobora gusaba gukoresha coefficient yo kuzana amakuru yambere kumubiri umwe. Itandukaniro muriyi coefficient ryagenwe nibiranga ububiko bwibikoresho hamwe na diameter ihinduka. Urebye ibi, uburyo bwambere bwo gutunganya amakuru bwabonetse bisaba uburyo bwumuntu kuri dosiye yamakuru. Igihe nigipimo cya buri munsi gikonje gikoreshwa mu kwemeza ukuri kw'indangagaciro zapimwe. Mugihe ukora ubu buryo, bigomba kwibanda kubipimo bikurikira:
- Agaciro k'ibiciro nubupfura bya coolant ntibigomba kuba bivuye ku mbibi zifatika z'umubiri;
- Idosiye ya buri munsi ntigomba kuba irimo impinduka zikarishye mumafaranga akonje;
- Guhindura agaciro kagereranijwe kwubushyuhe bwa buri munsi bwumutwara mugihe cyingufu zubushyuhe zigomba guhura nimpinduka mubushyuhe bugereranijwe no kubaguzi;
- Impuzandengo yubushyuhe bwa buri munsi bwo gukonjesha mumiyoboro itangwa mubaguzi ntigomba kuba hejuru ugereranije nindangagaciro za buri munsi mumiyoboro yinkomoko kuri soko.
Igishushanyo mbonera cy'ubushyuhe.
Ukurikije ibisubizo byo kugenzura amakuru yambere, kubara inguzanyo bigomba kuba ameza aho abaguzi bose b'ingufu bafite ibikoresho byobaruramari, kandi kubwisoko yamakuru yambere atari muri gushidikanya. Ukurikije iyi mbonerahamwe, hitamo igihe cyose hari impinduka zizewe kubaguzi bose hamwe nisoko yubushyuhe (ibyo bita amakuru aboneka).
Ukurikije dosiye yigihe cyamakuru yabonetse ku isoko yubushyuhe, menya umubare wamasaha mugikorwa cyo gupima, amakuru azakoreshwa mukwitondekanya. Mbere yo kumenya igihe cyo gupima, ugomba kubara igihe gisabwa kugirango wuzuze imiyoboro yose yakonje hamwe nubukonje.
Ibisabwa kubara
Birakenewe ko igihe cyo gupima kizahaza ibintu byinshi, aribyo:
- Agaciro k'ubushyuhe bwurusobe rwamazi yurusobe mumiyoboro yo gutanga ubushyuhe mugihe cyo gupima ubushyuhe bwamazi mugihe cyo gupima bigomba kuba bitandukanye kurenza dogere 5;
- Ibipimo bigomba gukorwa ubudahwema byibuze amasaha 240;
- Igihe cyo gupima kigomba kuba gikubiyemo neza imbere yamakuru.
Kubara kubura ubushyuhe bwinzu.
Niba igihe nk'iki kidashobora gutoranywa kubera kubura amakuru kuva kumurongo umwe cyangwa benshi, noneho ibikoresho byo kubara umuguzi ntibikoreshwa mubihe bizaza.
Umubare wabaguzi bafite ibikoresho byo kubara amakuru bigomba kuba byibura 20% yumubare rusange usuzumwa numuyoboro wubushyuhe. Mugihe habaye kugabanuka kumubare wabaguzi bafite ibikoresho byo kurira kugeza kuri 20%, birakenewe guhitamo ikindi gihe cyo gukusanya amakuru no kongera gukora uburyo bwo kugenzura.
Kuberako ibipimo byabonetse ku nkomoko yubushyuhe, birakenewe kumenya ikigereranyo cyigihe cyo gupima ubushyuhe bwamashanyarazi hamwe nigihe cyo gupima ubushyuhe bwumuyoboro wamazi.
Mugihe cyo gupima, ni ngombwa kumenya impuzandengo yikigereranyo nubushyuhe bwubutaka bwubutaka hejuru yimbitse ya axis yimiyoboro.
Uburyo bwo kubara ibiranga ubushyuhe
Kubara byibuze biremewe byo kwinjiza ubushyuhe hamwe nibikoresho bikorwa hashingiwe kumiterere yubushyuhe buke muri snip 41-30-2003. ALGORIthM na formulaire zitangwa muri SP 41-103-2000. Hifashishijwe inyandiko imwe, igihombo nyacyo gishobora kubarwa.Ingingo kuri iyo ngingo: Inzugi z'umuriro ziragenda 31173 2003
Ariko, ikibazo kiri mu kuba, ukurikije imyanzuro yo kurambika, umubare wa formulaire zikoreshwa mu kubara zizaba kuva kuri 8 kugeza ku ya 23 kugeza kuri 20 kugeza ku ya 29 kugeza 29. Noneho nubwo waba ufite Ubumenyi bwihariye nubunararibonye mugukora kubara byibuze biremewe byimiti yubushyuhe (kimwe no kubara ibihombo nyabyo byubushyuhe) ni akazi gakomeye cyane.
Uburyo bwo kubara byibuze ntarengwa byemewe mubururu
Formula yo kubara byibuze ntarengwa yo kwishinyagurira.
Umubare ntarengwa wo kwinjiza mu bushyuhe ugenwa nindangagaciro ntarengwa zifatika zo gutakaza ubushyuhe kugirango uburebure bwa pice. Aya mahame agenga snip 41-03-2003.
Benshi bashishikajwe nibizabaho iyo birengagije guhagarara no kwemerera igihombo kinini. Niba uretse icyerekezo cyubuyobozi n'amategeko yiki kibazo kuruhande kandi usuzume ingaruka zubukungu zikabije, noneho bizaba nkibi bikurikira.
Mu myaka yashize, ubukana bushingiye ku bumwe bwo gusuzuma no kwemezwa n'ibipimo byerekana igihombo cy'ikoranabuhanga mu gihe cyo gutwara ingufu zibaho. Ni ukuvuga, buri mwaka, imiryango yo gutanga ubushyuhe irashobora kubamo ibiciro (bityo bigahinduka ku bitugu byabaguzi) igihombo gito.
Dukurikije ibyangombwa ngenerwamo rusange, igihombo, kirimo mu giciro, ntigishobora kuba kinini kuruta ibisobanuro byindangagaciro kuruta agaciro runaka. Nkingingo, agaciro kagarukira kumirongo yubushyuhe binyuze mumiyoboro ishyigikira kandi ifite hafi 15-20% yigihombo.
Imbonerahamwe yo kubara byibuze ntarengwa yo kwishishoza.
Ibipimo byo gutakaza ubushyuhe bya sniva kuva 2003 bigizwe na 26% munsi yubuziranengereranyo bwo gutereranwa bwo kuva mu 1988, kandi harenze inshuro 2,5 munsi yindangagaciro zashyizweho na Norms yo mu 1959. Biragaragara ko alubumu yibishushanyo hamwe nizindi nyandiko zumushinga, yakusanyije mbere ya 2003, ntabwo ishoboye kwemeza ko ubushyuhe bwibiyobyabwenge bisabwa.
Rero, gukoresha ibitagenda (byumwihariko - byateye imbere kugeza mu 2003) ibyemezo byumushinga cyangwa gukoresha ibicuruzwa byiteguye bidakora ibiyobyabwenge kugirango bishoboke gukinisha imbaraga zubushyuhe.
Uburyo bwo kubara igihombo nyacyo cyingufu zubushyuhe binyuze mubikoresho byo kwisiga
Ikigereranyo cyo gucuranga ubushyuhe bwubushyuhe.
Ntibishoboka kugereranya ibikoresho bitandukanye byikigereranyo nibicuruzwa byagereranijwe nigipimo cyigiciro cyabo nubwiza, utabanje kumenyana mbere, niyihe ndangagaciro zigihombo cyubushyuhe mugihe uteganijwe.
Igishushanyo gihagarariwe mu ishusho 1 cyerekana igipimo cyintangarurirwa zibarwa zubushyuhe mugihe ukoresheje ibikoresho bitandukanye byubushuhe. Hamwe nubunini bungana, ubushyuhe bunyuramo kubikoresho bitandukanye bitandukanye inshuro nyinshi. Tekinike [1] ihuye no kubara N.n. Arefyev na L.I. Munyabin.
Iki gishushanyo cyerekana imigezi yubushyuhe kubicuruzwa bifite ubunini bungana bwibikoresho byubushyuhe. Mubyukuri, hejuru agaciro kwubushyuhe bwibikoresho, igiciro kigomba kuba gikozwe muri byo ibicuruzwa. Ariko, mubihe nyabyo, ibicuruzwa bifite imishinga myinshi yubushyuhe, akenshi ifite ubunini buto ugereranije nibikoresho byiza. Urebye ibi, mubikorwa, gutakaza ubushyuhe nyabyo binyuze mumashami atandukanye aratandukanye kuruta kubirenze igishushanyo.
Niyo mpamvu, umwanzuro, ukurikije aho ihitamo ryubukungu bwibicuruzwa nibikoresho bidashoboka gusa hashingiwe kubisubizo byo kubara ubushyuhe, bizabaho mugihe ikoreshwa ryibicuruzwa nibikoresho.
Uburyo, ukurikije ibyo kubara ibihome byubushyuhe binyuze mu kwigunga birashobora gukorwa, hari byinshi. Itandukaniro nyamukuru hagati yabo rigizwe nuburyo bwo kubazwa impinduka mubihe byo gukora ubushyuhe, mbere ya byose, kwishingikiriza hagati yimyitwarire yubushyuhe hamwe nubushuhe bushingiye ku bushyuhe.