? Uburyo bwo Gutandukanya Ahantu Urugi rwinjira mu nzu: Ubwoko bwibikoresho

Anonim

Gushiraho imiryango yinjira ntibishobora gufatwa nkigihe cyose igishushanyo cyumuryango wimbere mu nzu bizakorwa. Ubu ni ahantu hahanamye. Numuyaga ukabije uzarangiza ibigize itsinda ryinjiza kandi utegure neza umuryango. Tekereza ibikoresho nikoranabuhanga bikwemerera gukora ahantu hahanamye kumuryango winjira kandi uhindure imbere.

Kurangiza ahantu hahanamye hafi yumuryango winjira

Hanze yinzu cyangwa inzu nyuma yo gushiraho umuryango wimbere, ibintu byose byagutse ukoresheje platbands cyangwa ibindi bikoresho. Imbere, ibintu byose birabyingenzi - ibintu bifatika, amatafari, gufunga ibintu byinzu yumuryango bikarenga amaso. Kugira ngo uhishe ibi byose, ugomba guhitamo ibikoresho wenyine no kurangiza. Inzira yoroshye idasaba amafaranga yihariye nigihe cyamafaranga.

Imikorere nyamukuru ya molate nuguha umuryango muburyo busanzwe. Iragufasha kurinda neza imiryango, yongera igishushanyo mbonera cyo kwiba. Ni ukuvuga, ahantu hakenewe ni ikintu gikenewe, kandi ntabwo ari ahantu habi.

Kurangiza umuryango uhanamye MDF panels

Inzira nyamukuru

Kurangiza bikorwa hashingiwe ku ikoranabuhanga ryo kuvumbura - ibikoresho byo guhangana birashobora guhitamo bitandukanye. Ikintu cyingenzi kugirango uhitemo uburyo buzashyirwaho.

Reba tekinoroji nyamukuru, kuko ni ngombwa kwegera amahitamo:

  • Ikidodo hamwe no gukoresha igisubizo cyangwa plaster.
  • Gucapa ibikoresho byo kurangiza hamwe nibisubizo.
  • Guhangana no guhura nibikoresho byo kurangiza.

Hariho ubundi buryo, ariko ibi birakunzwe cyane mubamwubatsi bamwuga na ba shebuja murugo.

Ikidodo hamwe no gukoresha igisubizo cyangwa plaster

Kimwe mu buryo bwemewe bwo kurangiza imiryango ari hafi yo gukemura, ariko birakenewe kuzirikana bigoye cyane. Ubu buryo butuma urwego ntarengwa rwo kurinda no kwinjiza amajwi meza. Igisubizo nigishushanyo kitazagaburirwa cyangwa kugira ubusa imbere.

Ubu buryo nubwo afite ibyiza, ni intwaro mubishushanyo mbonera. Gukata igishushanyo mbonera kirashoboka hamwe na plaster ya Stating cyangwa yambaye imyenda.

Plaque ahahanamye

Gukuramo ibikoresho byo kurangiza

Niba usibye kuzuza ubusa ufite igisubizo cyo guhambira hamwe nibikoresho bitandukanye, noneho isura yumuryango irashobora guhinduka cyane. Hamwe na verisiyo yuzuye, ubu buryo buhuza ibyiza byuburyo bwa mbere, hamwe nibibi byarangwamo ntabwo bifite.

Kurangiza umusozi wumuryango wimiryango imbere mu nzu

Guhangana no guhura nibikoresho byo kurangiza

Iyi irangiye yerekana kwishyiriraho ibikoresho byo kurangiza kumurongo mbere yimbaho ​​cyangwa ibyuma. Kubera iyo mpamvu, ubwinshi bwamafaranga yakijijwe, kandi nubushobozi bwo kugera kumiterere yubwiza. Mugihe ukoresheje imiterere kugirango ubone ibintu byinshi biranga noness no kugera ku nzego zose byoroshye cyane, byingenzi.

Ikadiri irangiza imisozi yinjiza umuryango

Aho Gutangirira

Utitaye kumahitamo yatoranijwe kugirango arangize imisozi, mbere ya byose, birakenewe gutangira akazi katoranijwe:

  1. Ikibabi cyumuryango hamwe nagasanduku kirinzwe kubyangiritse ukoresheje kaseti.
  2. Ahantu hose havanyweho (guca ifuro ryinjira), ni ikihe gikorwa kandi gishobora kubangamira inzira yo kwishyiriraho.
  3. Ubuso bwose bwakazi burarohamye nubutaka. Abahanga basaba gukoresha ubutaka bwimbitse.
  4. Intsingamasa n'insinga zakozwe, zizakora kugirango zimurikire ko muri koridoro. Niba ahantu hakozwe ku buryo bw'ikoranabuhanga, kwishyiriraho insinga nibyiza gusubika noneho.

Ingingo kuri iyo ngingo: inzugi zo kwinjira: ibitekerezo byibanze, igishushanyo ninyungu | +55

Gutegura imisozi yumuryango kugirango urangize

Ibyiciro byakazi

Urashobora kugabana kurangiza umuryango wimbere imbere mu nzu y'ibyiciro bitatu:
  1. Inzira yo kwitegura (hejuru yamaze gusobanurwa).
  2. Gushiraho kuvura hamwe nuburyo bwatoranijwe nibikoresho.
  3. Kurangiza kurangiza ni imikorere yanyuma nigishushanyo mbonera cyo gufungura.

Amahitamo 10 yo kurangiza ahahanamye

Hejuru, twasuzumye uburyo nyamukuru butuma gutandukanya amazu asagutse. Ukurikije ishingiro ryabo, ubundi buryo 10 bwo kurangiza. Birakwiriye habaho imanza zitandukanye. Bikwiye gusobanuka ko verisiyo nziza yinyuma itabaho - buri buryo bufite ibyiza nibibi.

Yamazaki

Kurangiza imiryango ikoresha krywall nigihe kinini gitwara nuburyo bukunda cyane. Ntabwo bihagije kurisha ukwezi gato, birakenewe kandi gushyiramo gushonga, hanyuma irangi rya acrylic ryamazi ya acrycront cyangwa gucamo ibice. Ariko kubwibyo, bizaba byiza nubuso bwiza cyane.

Yamazaki

Kora kumurongo wo gutandukanya urashobora gukorwa muburyo bubiri - ikadiri kandi itabera. Ihitamo ryanyuma ryoroha. Gukora birangiye ukoresheje Umukara ntibisaba kwitegura byimazeyo, ntibizaba ngombwa byoroshya aho akazi. Niba hari umubiri muto kurukuta kuruhande, noneho birakosowe ukoresheje urwego ruto runini kuri minisiteri ya plaque. Niba agace gakomeye kabanje kugenda neza, noneho umurimo woroshye bishoboka.

Algorithm izaba itya ikurikira:

  1. Urufatiro rwo gufungura ni abanyantege nke bagategereza ko rwuzuye.
  2. Ibipimo bipima no gushyira mu bikorwa ibimenyetso kuri plaqueboard.
  3. Jigsaw yatemye urupapuro mubintu byinshi bikenewe.
  4. Kumurimo buri cm 15-20 ikoreshwa "mugihe" na analogue yayo.
  5. Gukomera guha umwanya wo gukama - gutegereza kugeza film igaragara hejuru.
  6. Koresha ibice kurukuta, guhuza, kanda cyane.

Aho kuba inzitizi, imisumari y'amazi nayo irakwiriye, Polyurethane ibihangano no gushiraho ifuro. Ariko ukoresheje ifuro, birakenewe gukora witonze - hari ibyago impapuro zizahinduka.

Kurangiza umuryango uhanamye

Kuri videwo: Inzira yoroshye yo kurangiza ahantu hambere.

Plaster

Gukoresha ibisubizo bya plaster kugirango ndangize jamb yumuryango zizakenera umutware wubuhanga bumwe. Igikorwa kiranduye bihagije, kandi gisaba nigihe kinini. Urukuta rugomba kuba rumaze guhuzwa mugihe cyicyiciro cyo kwitegura, cyezwa mu mukungugu wubwubatsi kandi biteganijwe.

Bikwiye kwitabwaho byihariye gusimbuka kwa beto, biherereye hejuru yumuryango - bivurwa "hamwe na" beto itumanaho ". Ubu ni ubutaka bwihariye bwo gukuramo ubushuhe buke.

Concoontontakt

Kuri plastersing, kwishyiriraho neza urumuri kugirango birinde kandi birakenewe. Algorithm isa nkiyi:

  1. Ukoresheje urwego kuruhande rumwe kuruhande rwintera ya cm 3 uvuye kumuryango, umwanya wumurongo uhagaze uragaragara.
  2. Ibikurikira, unyuze kumurongo ukoresheje buri cm 30, umwobo uracuraguwe - diameter yabo igomba kuba mm 6.
  3. Mu mwobo wavuyemo, Dowel ni 6 × 30 mm hamwe na twine guhuza ingofero murwego.
  4. Kuri clips yometse kuritanda no kugenzura uhagaritse.

Ingingo ku ngingo: kubara imiryango yo kwambara imyenda

Gushiraho Ikirere munsi ya stucco

Nyuma yo gushyiraho beacons, itunganywa yo gutegura igisubizo. Uburyo bworoshye kandi buhebuje ni ugukoresha umwuga cyangwa umusenyi wumugezi na sima m-150 cyangwa m-200.

Umucanga wumugezi na sima rya plaster

Kugirango ubone gushikama kwizerwa, ibiyigize bivanga mubikurikira bikurikira:

  • Ibikoresho byateguwe birashukishwa binyuze muri sieve - Akagari ni 3 × 3 mm cyangwa byinshi.
  • Muri kontineri ivanga ibice 3 byumucanga na 1 igice cya sima.
  • Kubyutsa, birakenewe kongera amazi meza kuri kontineri.
  • Muri icyo gihe, igisubizo kivanze ukoresheje guhungabana bidasanzwe kuri drill.

Igisubizo kuri plaster yuburinganire

Iyo misa itwikiriye igikoresho nkifu, imvange yiteguye gukoreshwa. Ppatula cyangwa celma ifite imbaraga nto, misa ijugunywa kurukuta kuva imwe kurundi ruhande rwa Jambs. Ni ngombwa gufunga byimazeyo urumuri rwashyizweho. Iyo urubuga ruto rurashize, jya mugutunganya undi. Amatara akoreshwa namategeko kandi yoroshye urwego rwa plaster. Shaka rero ubuso bwiza.

Umusozi wa POSTING

Kuri Video: Plaster Ahantu hahanamye umuryango wa sima-umusenyi.

Plaster nziza

Ikoranabuhanga ryo kurangiza amakadiri yumuryango arasa na plaque isanzwe. Koresha iyi mvange irasabwa ahantu hambere. Niba ibihimbano byijimye bikoreshwa hamwe nuburyo, noneho umushinga wurukuta rwemerewe gutandukana ntabwo ari utunganye. Niba utandukanye wongeyeho gukoresha amabara yamabara, bizahindura ubuso bwiza kandi buramba.

Mubibi byubu buryo, birashoboka kumenya ikiguzi cyo kurangiza ibikoresho, umurimo wo hejuru cyane nukuri ko umwanda munini muriki gikorwa.

Kurangiza imisozi yumuryango winjira: Ibikoresho Byakoreshejwe, Ikoranabuhanga hamwe nibiranga

Ipane ya MDF

Ibi ni byihuse byubwoko bwose bwo kurangiza imirimo. Mubikorwa, ntuzakenera byinshi mubikoresho nibikoresho. Twabibutsa ubworoherane bwo kwishyiriraho, ariko gusa niba ahantu hafunganye. Niba umusozi muremure, noneho inyanja izagaragara hagati yimbeho.

Inzira yoroshye yo gukoresha ibintu bidasanzwe byiteguye kugirango urangize agasanduku k'inzuzi muburyo bwanditse G, ariko ikibazo nuko badahendutse, kandi ntushobora kuyibona ahantu hose.

MDF ahahanamye kumuryango

Kwishyiriraho bikorwa ukurikije algorithm isa na plasterboard, ariko irashobora gutandukana gato. Irakoresha kandi kole, urukuta rurategurwa, hanyuma ibintu bifatanye hejuru. Birakenewe kugenzura umwanya wibintu bihagaritse.

Kurangiza ahantu hahanamye urugi mdf panels

Niba imiryango iremereye ishyirwaho, hari amahirwe menshi yo guhindura kubera imitwaro minini. Kubwibyo, plaster irashobora gucamo nyuma yumwaka. Mu bihe nk'ibi, kwishyiriraho ikadiri.

Ikoranabuhanga nkiryo ni ryiza iyo:

  • Birakenewe kwirinda uburyo bwo hejuru;
  • Urupapuro rurerure rwa MDF rwashyizweho;
  • Birakenewe gukuraho umwanya urenze imbere.

Kurangiza ikadiri kumusozi kumuryango winjira

Byoroheje nigisubizo ukoresheje umwirondoro wa aluminium nkimiterere ishyigikira. Yemerewe gukoresha gari ya moshi. Algorithm isa nkiyi:

  1. Urukuta rusukurwa kandi rugeragezwa ku bice no kumena.
  2. Nibiba ngombwa, ubuso burasanwa kandi buvurwa na antiseptics.
  3. Ibikurikira, hamwe nubufasha bwurwego, umurongo ukabije ushyizwe cyangwa umwirondoro ukemure i dowel-umusumari.
  4. Ikigereranyo cyo gushyirwaho ikintu cyashyizwe kumapera ya kabiri hanyuma uhambire hejuru.
  5. Ibice birakosowe muburyo busa hagati ya perimetero kumuryango.
  6. Igishushanyo gikorozwa nabasimbuwe bugomba guhuzwa nibice byombi.
  7. Kubijyanye n'ikadiri, hagati aho, ibikoresho byo kwigarurira, imbaho ​​zifatwa muri MDF hanyuma ubaha imisumari. Ni ngombwa kugera ku bibanza bike hagati y'imihanda.

Ingingo ku ngingo: inzugi n'amabara yo hasi imbere: inama zo guhitamo no guhuza igicucu | Ifoto

Kurangiza umuryango uhanamye MDF panels

Kuri videwo: Sinzira urugi rwinjiza kuva MDF ubikore wenyine.

Laminate

Ubu ni butandukanye hejuru yikintu gifatwa. Ariko, bitandukanye na MDF, Laminate irakwiriye kurangiza ikibuga cyumuryango wimbitse, gifite amakuru meza yo hanze. Ihemu hagati ya panel izatagaragara. Birakenewe gusa kwibuka ko laminate ihendutse kandi irasa.

Diaspora kurangiza laminate

Chipboard

Nk'uko by'inzobere, chipboard ni kimwe mu bikoresho byiza byo kurangiza imiryango. Mubyiza byayo birashobora gutangwa:

  • gamut yagutse;
  • Kwishyiriraho vuba nta kashe;
  • Ibiranga byinshi ku bushyuhe n'amajwi meza;
  • kurwanya ubushyuhe buke;
  • Igiciro kiboneka;
  • Gukoresha igihe kirekire.

Chipboard panel

Iziba zaciwe nibice bikozwe mumisumari. Imirimo irasa no kurangiza hamwe no gukoresha yumye. Kwishyiriraho bisaba shoaldals. Ibikurikira. Iyo inzabibu zifite agaciro, hagati ya chipboard hanyuma urukuta rwuzuyemo ifuro. Ibara ryimikorere rishobora gutandukana, birashoboka kwigana munsi yigiti.

Kurangiza urugi ruhanamye chipboard panels

Pvc panels

Igishushanyo nkiki kirasa vuba cyane, ariko plastike ihendutse, ahubwo iramba kandi yoroshye mukwitaho, nubwo utazabyita kwizerwa. Ugomba kandi kwita kubitekerezo. Inzira yo kurangiza imiryango ntabwo isaba ubuhanga bwihariye, burashobora gukorerwa na ba shebuja batangiye.

Trim kuvumbura imiryango yinjiza ya pvc panels

Ibuye rya artile cyangwa karemano

Isuku ryimbere hamwe namabuye karemano cyangwa ibihangano, ukurikije abashushanya, ikinyejana gishize. Kandi yakoresheje ibisubizo nkibi kubera kwambara ibintu byinshi byo kurwanya ibikoresho no guhindura byoroshye. Mubibi - inzira ndende yibuye riteye ubwoba.

Imitako yinzugi

Inkuta zijyanye nyuma yo gukubitwa ibuye zirashobora gusiga irangi gusa, cyangwa ikoti hamwe no gushushanya gushushanya.

Gushushanya ibuye ryo gushushanya

Tile na mosaic

Mugushiraho mosaic, urashobora kubyishimira igihe kirekire - ubuzima bwa serivisi ni hejuru cyane. Ibikoresho byububi ntibitinya ingaruka zubushuhe, biragoye gushushanya. Ariko birasa nkaho ari bihagije. Ubusanzwe ceramic ikoreshwa mugushushanya inkuta, mugihe barangije ubwiherero nigikoni.

Kurangiza imiryango yumuryango yashyizeho mosaic

Irangi

Akenshi, imbere imiryango yinjira iratandukanye no kwanduza. Ibi biraba ngombwa niba imisozi ya mbere yagaragaye kandi ihujwe neza. Nibyiza guhitamo amarangi yubusa, ariko acrylic analogies nayo irakwiriye. Ariko niba bidashoboka kubigura, noneho enamel isanzwe izamanuka.

Abashushanya barasaba guhitamo irangi kugirango bagere mumikino ya gamut. Ariko ibara ryibara rihanamye cyane.

Gushushanya urugi

Mubisanzwe, ubuso bugomba kuba bwateguwe mbere - ahantu hahanamye, ubutaka, nibiba ngombwa, guhuza. Noneho ubuso busukuwe neza. Ku rwego rwo kurinda imiryango n'inkuta, filime ishyaka na kaseti yinyamanswa ikoreshwa. Kugirango ushyireho amarangi ukoreshe roller, hamwe nibikorwa bikomeye hamwe nibikoresho - brush na sponges.

Kurangiza imisozi yumuryango winjira: Ibikoresho Byakoreshejwe, Ikoranabuhanga hamwe nibiranga

Kurangiza urugi birashobora guterwa ubwitonge badahuje na serivisi zinzobere. Ikintu nyamukuru nukukurikiza neza algorithm yatoranijwe no kugura ibikoresho byujuje ubuziranenge. Niba kandi ufite ikibazo - hari amabwiriza arambuye kuri ibi.

Gushyira mu bikorwa LDSP no kubaha akanama (2 videwo)

Amahitamo atandukanye yo Gushushanya Ahantu (Amafoto 50)

Kurangiza imisozi yumuryango winjira: Ibikoresho Byakoreshejwe, Ikoranabuhanga hamwe nibiranga

Kurangiza imisozi yumuryango winjira: Ibikoresho Byakoreshejwe, Ikoranabuhanga hamwe nibiranga

Kurangiza imisozi yumuryango winjira: Ibikoresho Byakoreshejwe, Ikoranabuhanga hamwe nibiranga

Kurangiza imisozi yumuryango winjira: Ibikoresho Byakoreshejwe, Ikoranabuhanga hamwe nibiranga

Kurangiza imisozi yumuryango winjira: Ibikoresho Byakoreshejwe, Ikoranabuhanga hamwe nibiranga

Kurangiza imisozi yumuryango winjira: Ibikoresho Byakoreshejwe, Ikoranabuhanga hamwe nibiranga

Kurangiza imisozi yumuryango winjira: Ibikoresho Byakoreshejwe, Ikoranabuhanga hamwe nibiranga

Kurangiza imisozi yumuryango winjira: Ibikoresho Byakoreshejwe, Ikoranabuhanga hamwe nibiranga

Kurangiza imisozi yumuryango winjira: Ibikoresho Byakoreshejwe, Ikoranabuhanga hamwe nibiranga

Kurangiza imisozi yumuryango winjira: Ibikoresho Byakoreshejwe, Ikoranabuhanga hamwe nibiranga

Kurangiza imisozi yumuryango winjira: Ibikoresho Byakoreshejwe, Ikoranabuhanga hamwe nibiranga

Kurangiza imisozi yumuryango winjira: Ibikoresho Byakoreshejwe, Ikoranabuhanga hamwe nibiranga

Kurangiza imisozi yumuryango winjira: Ibikoresho Byakoreshejwe, Ikoranabuhanga hamwe nibiranga

Kurangiza imisozi yumuryango winjira: Ibikoresho Byakoreshejwe, Ikoranabuhanga hamwe nibiranga

Kurangiza imisozi yumuryango winjira: Ibikoresho Byakoreshejwe, Ikoranabuhanga hamwe nibiranga

Kurangiza imisozi yumuryango winjira: Ibikoresho Byakoreshejwe, Ikoranabuhanga hamwe nibiranga

Kurangiza imisozi yumuryango winjira: Ibikoresho Byakoreshejwe, Ikoranabuhanga hamwe nibiranga

Kurangiza imisozi yumuryango winjira: Ibikoresho Byakoreshejwe, Ikoranabuhanga hamwe nibiranga

Kurangiza imisozi yumuryango winjira: Ibikoresho Byakoreshejwe, Ikoranabuhanga hamwe nibiranga

Kurangiza imisozi yumuryango winjira: Ibikoresho Byakoreshejwe, Ikoranabuhanga hamwe nibiranga

Kurangiza imisozi yumuryango winjira: Ibikoresho Byakoreshejwe, Ikoranabuhanga hamwe nibiranga

Kurangiza imisozi yumuryango winjira: Ibikoresho Byakoreshejwe, Ikoranabuhanga hamwe nibiranga

Kurangiza imisozi yumuryango winjira: Ibikoresho Byakoreshejwe, Ikoranabuhanga hamwe nibiranga

Kurangiza imisozi yumuryango winjira: Ibikoresho Byakoreshejwe, Ikoranabuhanga hamwe nibiranga

Kurangiza imisozi yumuryango winjira: Ibikoresho Byakoreshejwe, Ikoranabuhanga hamwe nibiranga

Kurangiza imisozi yumuryango winjira: Ibikoresho Byakoreshejwe, Ikoranabuhanga hamwe nibiranga

Kurangiza imisozi yumuryango winjira: Ibikoresho Byakoreshejwe, Ikoranabuhanga hamwe nibiranga

Kurangiza imisozi yumuryango winjira: Ibikoresho Byakoreshejwe, Ikoranabuhanga hamwe nibiranga

Kurangiza imisozi yumuryango winjira: Ibikoresho Byakoreshejwe, Ikoranabuhanga hamwe nibiranga

Kurangiza imisozi yumuryango winjira: Ibikoresho Byakoreshejwe, Ikoranabuhanga hamwe nibiranga

Kurangiza imisozi yumuryango winjira: Ibikoresho Byakoreshejwe, Ikoranabuhanga hamwe nibiranga

Kurangiza imisozi yumuryango winjira: Ibikoresho Byakoreshejwe, Ikoranabuhanga hamwe nibiranga

Kurangiza imisozi yumuryango winjira: Ibikoresho Byakoreshejwe, Ikoranabuhanga hamwe nibiranga

Kurangiza imisozi yumuryango winjira: Ibikoresho Byakoreshejwe, Ikoranabuhanga hamwe nibiranga

Kurangiza imisozi yumuryango winjira: Ibikoresho Byakoreshejwe, Ikoranabuhanga hamwe nibiranga

Kurangiza imisozi yumuryango winjira: Ibikoresho Byakoreshejwe, Ikoranabuhanga hamwe nibiranga

Kurangiza imisozi yumuryango winjira: Ibikoresho Byakoreshejwe, Ikoranabuhanga hamwe nibiranga

Kurangiza imisozi yumuryango winjira: Ibikoresho Byakoreshejwe, Ikoranabuhanga hamwe nibiranga

Kurangiza imisozi yumuryango winjira: Ibikoresho Byakoreshejwe, Ikoranabuhanga hamwe nibiranga

Kurangiza imisozi yumuryango winjira: Ibikoresho Byakoreshejwe, Ikoranabuhanga hamwe nibiranga

Kurangiza imisozi yumuryango winjira: Ibikoresho Byakoreshejwe, Ikoranabuhanga hamwe nibiranga

Kurangiza imisozi yumuryango winjira: Ibikoresho Byakoreshejwe, Ikoranabuhanga hamwe nibiranga

Kurangiza imisozi yumuryango winjira: Ibikoresho Byakoreshejwe, Ikoranabuhanga hamwe nibiranga

Kurangiza imisozi yumuryango winjira: Ibikoresho Byakoreshejwe, Ikoranabuhanga hamwe nibiranga

Kurangiza imisozi yumuryango winjira: Ibikoresho Byakoreshejwe, Ikoranabuhanga hamwe nibiranga

Kurangiza imisozi yumuryango winjira: Ibikoresho Byakoreshejwe, Ikoranabuhanga hamwe nibiranga

Kurangiza imisozi yumuryango winjira: Ibikoresho Byakoreshejwe, Ikoranabuhanga hamwe nibiranga

Kurangiza imisozi yumuryango winjira: Ibikoresho Byakoreshejwe, Ikoranabuhanga hamwe nibiranga

Kurangiza imisozi yumuryango winjira: Ibikoresho Byakoreshejwe, Ikoranabuhanga hamwe nibiranga

Kurangiza imisozi yumuryango winjira: Ibikoresho Byakoreshejwe, Ikoranabuhanga hamwe nibiranga

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