Ukulala (ufakelo) ii-stobs zokugqobhoza zenze ngokwakho
Ke, yintoni ekufuneka uyazi ukuba ufake i-Slabs ye-Overlap?
Nalu uluhlu lwezo zenzo ezibonelela ngokufakelwa okuthembekileyo nolwamileyo:
- Ngokwenyani, ufakelo lweepleyiti;
- ukuphoxeka okunobuchule;
- Ukuzalisa izithuba ezincinci phakathi kweepleyiti;
- Ukuvala iziphelo zamava ukuze zikhusele ngokuchasene nokukhulula;
- Ukuphosa i-hatch okanye i-lazium kwi-slab ukungena kwigumbi elithile;
- ukufumana ubungakanani obufunekayo yeslab ngokusika;
- Ukusetyenziswa ngokukhuselekileyo kulwakhiwo lweepleyiti eziqhekezileyo kunye nokuthintela imifuno.
Ukuqala, qwalasela inkcazo. Izinto ezahlukeneyo zezakhiwo zinokusetyenziswa njengokuqhubeka emakhaya:
- Iiphaneli ezixhaphakileyo;
- Iiphaneli ezigxininiswa kwangaphambili zobukhulu obuqhelekileyo;
- Iipanele zentente ezinebambo ezijikeleze i-perimeter. Ngokwesiqhelo, iipaneli ezinjalo zigcwele kwigumbi lonke;
- Iiphaneli eziqinileyo;
- I-Monolithic ngaphezulu.
Inketho nganye yokugquma inezinto eziphezulu kunye nexabiso. Umzekelo, i-monolithic ngaphezulu kwe-overlap ifuna ixesha elininzi lokunyuka kwaye ixabisa kakhulu. Iipleyiti ze-ribedbeed, ukuba nemilinganiselo emiselweyo, azisoloko zilungele ukugqobhoza amagumbi, imilinganiselo yoko ingakujikelezisiyo.
Ekuqapheleni kwaseluntwini, ezona zinto zixhaphakileyo zenziwa ukuba zenziwe kwipleyiti ezixhonyiweyo. Ii-elpties kuzo zinokuba neefom ezahlukeneyo: ukusuka kwi-oval ukuya kwi-Aval.
Ukuthandwa kwabo kuchazwa zizinto ezininzi eziluncedo xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iintlobo ze-oglaps:
- Ngenxa yokungabinamsebenzi kuzaliswe ngumoya, iipleyiti ezinjalo zigcina ubushushu, ziba ziingxaki ze-shirmal, kwaye zikwandisa ukufudumala;
- Xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iipleyiti, kukho ubunzima obukhulu, ukunciphisa umthwalo kwizakhiwo ezixhasayo.
Ungayithoba njani ipleyiti?
Iiplanga ezimiweyo zenziwa ngoku-odola nabuphi na ubungakanani, kodwa kukho iimeko apho kukho imfuneko yokunciphisa ubude okanye ububanzi, cuti, ngenxa ye-Erker okanye yenza umngxunya kwi-atch. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, islab kufuneka inqunyulwe ngokusebenzisa i-grinder, i-scrap kunye ne-cam. Ngaphandle kwamandla aphezulu eplate yeplate, inqumle ngokulula - imizuzu engama-40 ngokwaneleyo ukunqunyulwa iisentimitha ezongeziweyo ngobubanzi be-1.2 m.
Ungayenza njani? Cinga ngeendlela zokukhetha ukusika i-slab nangaphaya. Ukusika ipleyiti ngapha, kufuneka ibekwe ngokuthe tye, ukubeka ilitha phantsi kwayo kwaye kusebenzise imigca kuyo loo nto iya kufikelela kuyo. I-Linnen kufuneka ibe ngokuchanekileyo phantsi komgca wokuphanga, kwaye hayi ejikeleze imiphetho. Umzekelo, kuya kufuneka usike isitya sesitovu. Ukwenza oku, kumgama oyi-500 mm ukusuka emphethweni, umgca wenziwa phezu kweplate, kwaye i-lining ifakwe ngezantsi kwayo. Ukuba imbeko ayisayi kuba phantsi kophawu, kwaye ikufuphi, ngokusika, umhlaba wekhonkrithi uya kuba, oko kubizwa ngokuba "libricate".
Ngokutsho komgca ophawulweyo, isitovu sinqunyulwe yi-brotcast ngediski kwikhonkrithi. Emva koko, kuya kufuneka unkqonkqoze i-cam kwililungelo lokuphelisa umgca wokusika. I-cists vess kufuneka ifumane nje i-voids, hayi kwiimbambo. Ngokwesiqhelo, isitovu siqhekeza nge-3-4 conup. Ezi zenzo ziphindaphindwa ngawo wonke ububanzi beplate. Ukutshabalalisa iimbambo, kukho ukothuka kubo ngenkamu enye, sele bekwicala, kwaye hayi ngaphezulu. Isiqwenga esingeyomfuneko seplate, engenasiseko esivela ezantsi, siya kugcinwa phantsi kobunzima bobunzima bayo, esiya kukhawulezisa kwaye siququzelele inkqubo yokusika. Emva koko, ngoncedo lokugqobhoza, udonga olusezantsi lombhobho lwenziwe, phantsi kwayo ivalve. Umphezulu we-uqiniseke ucofa ngokupheleleyo kwikhonkrithi, emva koko unqunyulwa yi-grinder usebenzisa idiski yentsimbi.
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Ipleyiti efinyelweyo efihliweyo iya kuba nomphetho ogudileyo wokusikwa, omele ukuba kamva uchithe isisombululo ngesisombululo esingalunganga kuphela, kodwa sisomeleza isitovu.
Iplate inokunqunyulwa. Itekhnoloji iphantse yafana, kodwa ifuna umzamo omncinci kunye nexesha elingakumbi, kuba ubude bububanzi bungaphezulu. Kule meko, i-MUM kufuneka yahlulwe kuphela udonga lwelilungelo lokuhamba ecaleni kweplate, ngaphambili kwenzekile kwi-grinder kumgca ocetyiweyo. Udonga olusezantsi lombhobho weqhekeza lombhobho kwi-crowbar. Kwinkqubo yokusika kwikhonkrithi yekhonkrithi kuya kuba yibha egudileyo yegridi yokwenyusa i-3-8 mm. Banokusikwa sisitolo.
Xa i-fittings, kuyimfuneko ukuba uthathele ingqalelo ukuba ixinekile Kwaye inokubamba i-disc enqunyuliweyo ye-grinder. Ukuze le nto le yenzeki, iirods zonyusa azivuselelwanga kude kube sekupheleni, kwaye ke into enokuthi ifikelele kukhutshwe sisikroba okanye isikithi senkampu. Enye indlela ethembekileyo yokusika-usebenzisa i-autgen.
Ukucofa kokuthelekisa apho inkohliso ye-coiastop yokujikeleza inqunyulwe, isukele ukuba ayisiyonto eyomeleleyo. Kodwa akunjalo. Ngapha koko, esi sitovu sinokumelana nomthwalo ukuya kuthi ga kwi-800 kg / m2, ebonwa ikakhulu ngokuqiniswa kunye neembambo.
Ungawusika njani umngxunya kwiplate yehopile?
Ngendlela efanayo, i-Slabs inqumle i-hatch. Ekubeni imiphetho yakhe iya kubonakala, kungcono ukuba uzame ukubenza bagudile kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Ukwenza oku, kwi-contour echaziweyo kufuneka wenze intsingiselo yangaphambi kwe-grinder.
ULuka usika esinqeni seepleyiti ezimbini, ngokulinganayo ehambisa indawo yawo phakathi kwabo. Ubungakanani be-hatch buxhomekeke kububanzi beepleyiti kunye nenqanaba lomthwalo wabo, kunye nohlobo lweetepsi ezisetyenzisiweyo. Umda obanzi kwaye ungaphantsi kweepleyiti, kokukhona unokuyinqula i-hatch. Imithwalo evela ekwakhiweni ngokwakha isekwe kwiipleyiti zinciphisa indawo evumelekileyo. Kwizitepter zepali, i-hatch ihlala i-900x900 mm kwiipleyiti, ububanzi bayo buyi-1.2 m. Kwipleyiti nganye, umngxunya onobungakanani be-450x900 mm yenziwa.
Ukusetyenziswa kwezitepsi ezinamathela akusoloko kufanelekile. Kufuneka bafake kuqala, emva koko bathathe, kwaye ukulungiswa kwabo endaweni kunokuba kuqinisekiswe, ngakumbi ukuba sisitepsi esidala somthi. Ilula ngakumbi ukusebenzisa ukugoba izinyuko ze-attic. Bazimisele ukhuselekile kwisivalo se-hatch kwaye bongeze xa kuvaliwe, ngaphandle kokuhlala kwindawo engeyomfuneko. Imilinganiselo ye-Hatch yezinyuko ezinjalo zinemilinganiselo ye-600x1300 mm, i-700x1300 mm okanye i-700x1300 mm okanye i-700x1300 mm. Icala elikhulu le-hatch kufuneka ibekwe ecaleni kweepleyiti.
Ungawugqitha njani igumbi ukuba incinci iswele ububanzi beplate?
Xa igumbi lisebenzile, linokuvula ukuba ubukhulu bayo abupeyintwa bubukhulu beepleyiti, okukhokelela ekumiselweni kwezithuba eziphakathi kweepleyiti okanye eludongeni. Unokusika isiqwenga esilahlekileyo seepleyiti ezikhoyo, kodwa inde kwaye inzima. Kukho iindlela ezilula zokuphelisa le ngxaki.
Thatha umzekelo, xa unyusa iipleyiti phakathi kwesitovu sokugqibela kwaye udonga uhlala ungumphengu we-rap. Yintoni omele uyenze kule meko? Kukho iindlela ezininzi. Kuqala qwalasela eyona ilula. Ubungakanani bomsantsa-500 mm - yahlulwe yangamacandelo amabini - i-250 mm. Iplate yokuqala ithe yafakwa kumgama oziimitha ezingama-250 ukusuka eludongeni, emva koko zonke iipleyiti zifakwe kwi-bulk. Ngenxa yoko, i-250 mm yomda phakathi kwe-slab yokugqibela kunye nodonga. I-ETPIes efunyenweyo isetwa yi-SHAkoblock Wist, apho kwakhiwa iindonga. Kwangelo xesha, i-slagoblock ixhomekeke ngokuthembekileyo ngokuphumla kwethayile kwisitovu. Kuyimfuneko ukubeka ibhlokhi ye-Slag ukuze imingxunya yayo ibhekiswe emacaleni, kwaye hayi phezulu okanye ezantsi. Udonga olungaphandle lwakhiwe lulongeza ibhlokhi ye-slag, iqinisa ulungiso lwayo.
Lo uyilo, nangona lubonakala lungathembeki, ngokuqinisekileyo luyaqhubeka. Ukuba umntu uthandabuza ubuchule bokuthwala iibhloko ze-slag, unokuqinisa izikhewu xa ugcwalisa umgangatho, ukufaka i-gidi yokuqiniswa okanye igridi ye-mason ngaphezulu kwazo. Kwangelo xesha, iintonga ezinemilinganiselo ye-6 mm ziyasetyenziswa.
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Enye indlela yokuphelisa umsantsa kukusasazeka kobungakanani bayo phakathi kweepleyiti. Umzekelo, kukho imitha engaphezulu yeemitha kunye neepleyiti ezilishumi zokudlula, phakathi kwezithuba ezingama-55 mm nganye. Kutheni le nto i-55 mm? Ixabiso elipheleleyo le-500 mm lahlulwe laba linani lamalungu- 9. Isiphumo yi-55 mm.
Iplate yokuqala ifakwe eludongeni. Okwesibini yi-indent ukusuka kwi-55 mm, njl. Iplate yokugqibela kufuneka yoyike eludongeni.
Phantsi kwesithuba ngasinye sibotshwe ibhodi edlala indima yendlela yokusebenza. Utywala ubekwe kwisimo somsebenzi kunye nodaka lwekhonkrithi lithululiwe.
Iqhume i-slab ngaphezulu. Yintoni omele uyenze kwaye kutheni le isenzeka?
Ngamanye amaxesha kwinkqubo yokwakha iyavela ukuba i-Slab Slab iqhekekile ngaphambili ihlelwe. Siyintoni isizathu? Ngokwesiqhelo imingxunya ivela ngeemeko ezingalunganga zokugcina okanye ukuthutha. Ngokubhekisele kugcino, ii-slabs kufuneka zigcinwe ngendlela ethile kunye nokugcinwa kweemeko ezininzi.
Iipleyiti kufuneka zilingane kwisitaki ukuze azichukumisi umhlaba. Phantsi kweplate esezantsi kufuneka ubeke isiseko esinokuthenjwa okungafunekiyo kwaye ayiboli, kungenjalo umswakama uza kuwa esitova, esiya kuthi sibethe.
Isiseko kufuneka sihlale kwaye siphezulu ngokwaneleyo. Ngenxa yokuba iipleyiti ezininzi ziya kuthembela kuyo, inokucelwa, kodwa xa ithunyelwe, iplate engezantsi ayifanele ichukumise umhlaba. Ukuba, xa sithumela isiseko somhlaba, embindini weplate esezantsi iya kuchaphazela, kuya kuvela imingxunya kuphela engapheliyo, kodwa nakwizo zitofu ezifumaneka ngasentla.
Iipleyiti zigcinwe ngcono kwindawo ethe tyaba.
Iirhasi ziyafakwa phakathi kweepleyiti - iindlela zokhuni. Xa zifakiwe, kufuneka uqaphele:
- Ubungqingqwa beendlela ezinokuthi zithintele ukuchukumisa iipleyiti ezikufuphi;
- Isikhundla sezolo zoololiwe ekufuneka zibe enye ngokungqongqo enye;
- Umgama ukusuka kuloliwe ukuya kumda weplate kufuneka i-0.2-0.4 m.
Ngaphantsi kwazo zonke iimeko kunye nobukho besiseko esomeleleyo ngokwaneleyo, i-stack inokuba nemiqolo engama-8 ukuya kweli-10 yeepleyiti, ekuphakameni kwe-2.5 m yokuphakama. Ukuphakama okukhulu kakhulu kuphakama akwamkelekanga.
Yintoni omele uyenze ngesitovu esiqhekekileyo? Ndingayigqobhoza indlu yakhe?
Kodwa yintoni omele uyenze ukuba isitovu sele siqhekekile, kwaye ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuba uyisebenzise kwixesha elizayo?Ngapha koko, abakhi bahlala basebenzisa ii-slabs eziqhekekileyo, ukuba ii-rockis zincinci, ukuqhubeka kweplate yeplate. Into ephambili ayizukulayisha kakhulu kwaye yongeza ilungisa.
Nantsi eminye imizekelo, apho kungcono ukufaka iipleyiti eziqhekezileyo:
- Phopp orp Orter okanye udonga oluphambili ukuya kwi-0.1-0.15 m. Kwangelo xesha, isitovu siya kuthembela kwiindonga ezintathu kungekuphela nje ngemiphetho emifutshane, kodwa ide. Ukuphakanyiswa kweplate kubonelelwe ziindonga eziphezulu ezicinezelwa ngokuthembekileyo. Obu buchule buhlala busetyenziselwa iipleyiti ezinamatye amakhulu amakhulu;
- Beka i-slab kwisiza sokufaka isahlulelo se-Brick, esiya kuthi kamva siyixhase;
- Nyusa ipleyiti yokuqhuma phakathi kweenombolo ezimbini. Kukho iirms phakathi kweepleyiti ngexesha lokufakelwa, ezilatywinwe ngokupheleleyo ngesisombululo, ukudala phantse i-monolikic ngaphezulu kwe-overlap;
- Beka i-slab endaweni yemithwalo encinci. Ingasetyenziselwa i-attic parlap, apho imithwalo ingabikho, eyona nto iphambili kukuba izinto zophahla zingazikhululi;
- Ngomonakalo obalulekileyo kwiplate, xa i-rack inkulu (malunga ne-4 ukuya kwezi-4 ukuya kwe-4 ukuya kwe-4 ukuya kwe-4 ukuya kwe-4 ukuya kwe-4 ukuya kwe-4 ukuya kwe-4 ukuya kwengama-40 mm) okanye aliqela, unokuyisebenzisa kuphela inxenye, ukusika eyonakalisiweyo.
Ukuba awukhuthaze isitovu sokuzithemba, ungabomeleza amandla awo ngokuphucula umgangatho wokuqiniswa komgangatho kumgangatho ophezulu. Ikhonkrithi eqinisekisiweyo yekhonkrithi iya kuhambisa umthwalo phakathi kwazo zonke iipleyiti kwaye iya komeleza uyilo.
Ukutywina phakathi kweepleyiti
Lo mbuzo ulandelayo ekuthethwa ngumbuzo kukungena kwe-rusts. I-Rust yindawo yokutsala icala elide leepleyiti ezikufuphi. Kwinto eqinileyo nengqindi eqinileyo, zonke iirufu kufuneka zixhaswe sisisombululo. Iipleyiti ezijikelezayo zinamava ecaleni kwamacala ngendlela yokufunyanwa komjikelezo. Xa ugalela iirusto, ezi zithanto zizele ngekhonkrithi, zibonelela ngohlobo oluthembekileyo lweepleyiti. Ukuqokelelwa kweqokelelo yokusebenza kusebenza njengemollith.
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Phakathi kwama-slabs kunokubekwa ekwakheni, ukuba namacala afanelekileyo anamacala amalunga neqhosha. Xa zixhunyiwe, ukumbiwa kusezantsi, ngelixa ngaphezulu kweplate kuyaxutywana. Njengoko unokuqikelela ngokulula, ukungcola kwikhonkrithi enjalo kwi-rust enjalo kwi-GOPHE ye-GOECNATIC. Kodwa ayisiyiyo yonke into eyoyikisayo. Ukutywina i-rust engalunganga, iipleyiti ezingabamelwane azidityaniswanga ngokomgaqo, kodwa ngesithuba esincinci malunga ne-2-3 cm. Umsantsa kufuneka ube kwinxalenye ephezulu yeepleyiti apho zingancamathela khona. Ukusuka emazantsi kubo lonke ubude berhamncwa, ibhodi yenkuni ibotshelelwe - i-forwork yokugcwalisa ikhonkrithi. Isisombululo sigalelwe umqolo ongaphezulu kwi-rust. Ngokuhambelana, isisombululo masingabi kukhulu, kufuneka sisasazeke kakhulu kubude bonke. Kodwa kakhulu kakhulu mayibe senziwa. Emva kokuba isisombululo siqhwabe, umda waseRusta unokuqwalaselwa ngaphezulu.
Itekhnoloji ye-Black Plate
Yintoni enye efanele inikele ingqalelo xa ufaka iiplanga ezijikelezayo? Ewe kunjalo, ngezixhobo zokhuseleko. Ukufakelwa kuqhutywa ukuphakama usebenzisa izixhobo ezizodwa, ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe xa kusebenza.
Iipleyiti zinyuka kwaye zibambekile usebenzisa i-crane yemoto. Iipleyiti zibekwe kwisisombululo, ukuze imizuzu eli-10 ukuya kwengama-20 zinokuhamba ngokulula, ide ihlale kwindawo efanelekileyo. Kwiindonga ezibhinqileyo, iipleyiti kufuneka zisekwe kubo ngo-0.12-0.15 m.
Kubalulekile ukwenza ezona meko zintle xa ibeka iipleyiti. Umzekelo, izitya ngesisombululo zinokuphakanyiswa kwiplate yokuqala efakiweyo ukuba ungayi phantsi emva kwayo. Iirustos zizikhukuliseni ngesisombululo esifanayo. Onjalo ke, ekuqaleni, izinto ezincinci zihlala zithatha ixesha elininzi namandla.
Emva kokufakwa kugqityiwe, kufuneka bavale iziphelo zabo ukukhusela ngokuchasene nokukhululwa. Ukuba isitovu siphumle eludongeni lwangaphandle, ukuphela kwesiphelo kuya kuqhubeka sindisa ubushushu endlini kwaye awuyi kunika ngaphakathi kubanda.
Ukutywina iziphelo ze-Slabs, unokusebenzisa enye yezi ndlela zilandelayo:
- Gcwalisa ubuhle bemibhobho yoboya yezimbiwa malunga ne-0,2-0.3 m ubunzulu;
- Guarlela ukuhlekisa nesisombululo sekhonkrithi esikhanyayo ngo-0.12-0.25 m ngobunzulu okanye ukufaka i-jams tradete yezithuthi;
- Vala i-Eneltity sisitena seziganeko kwisisombululo, kwaye emva koko uvale umphezulu ngesisombululo; Ungafaka isitena sokuphela konyaka omnye emngxunyeni.
Ngamanye amaxesha, isitovu sisondele kakhulu kulwalamano. Ukungabikho kokubekwa phakathi kwabo kunye neziphelo ezingezizo ezitywiniweyo, isitovu siya kuqala ukukhululeka ngexesha lokubandayo, esigubungela icenga ngaphakathi. Isitovu esinjalo siya kuba ngumthombo wokubanda endlwini, kwaye kunye nokukhubatha okukwenziweyo kumphezulu wayo kuya kuba "ngumbethe" ngenxa yomahluko obukhali obunobushushu. Ukuba iiplate ezinjalo sele zifumaneka kwindlu egqityiweyo, uyasiqonda ityala, uyathoba iindonga kwaye akukho mntu uya kuvala iziphelo. Ingxaki inokusonjululwa ngendlela encinci. Kule, i-piforator iqhutywa ngumngxunya kwimibhobho ye-frozen ukusuka kwicala elingaphantsi le "ingxaki". Ityhubhu enethambeka eludongeni lwangaphandle ifakwe kumngxunya osisiphumo, apho kuvuthuzwa khona igwebu. Kwangelo xesha, ityhubhu evela kwi-gwebu, ihleli kumbhobho ukuya kubunzulu be-0.1--0.2 m. Iya kudlala indima ye-insulator.
Vala iziphelo ezifunwa kuphela kwezi planga zisekwe kwiindonga ezingaphandle, kodwa nakwilo lungiselelo kwiindonga zangaphakathi zangaphakathi. Kwimigangatho yokwakha, iziphelo zisondele kwi-slabs eqala kwi-oversop yesithathu nangaphantsi. Umzekelo, indlu enamagumbi amabini aneziqwengana ezintathu: phakathi kwegumbi elingaphantsi kunye nomgangatho wokuqala, phakathi komgangatho wokuqala kunye wesibini kwaye phakathi komgangatho wesibini kunye ne-attic. Kule meko, bavala iziphelo zeepleyiti ezikwi-ottic pharing ukonyusa uyilo olubona umthwalo obalulekileyo ovela phezulu. Iziphelo zigalelwe isisombululo sekhonkrithi okanye sibekwe sisiqingatha sezitena. Kulula ukwenza kube lula kwaye kufanelekile ngaphambi kokuba kufakwe iipleyiti, zibethelela kumphezulu othe tyaba.