Inqaku elibalulekileyo lencwadi yibhukumaki. Malunga nendawo apho ivela khona, zeziphi iintlobo zeebhukumaki malunga nendlela yokwenza incwadana enezandla zezandla, uya kufunda kweli nqaku.
Imvelaphi yeebhukumaka
Emva kumaxesha amandulo, ababhali bajamelana nengxaki yokuhamba encwadini. Iphepha elifunayo kwakukulula ukuphulukana kwaye kunzima ukufumana. Emva koko baqala ukwenza uphawu lokuqala ukusuka kwiziqwenga ezincinci zepapyrus. Ukususela ekudalweni kweeMiles eziprintiweyo kwiNtshona Yurophu kwinkulungwane ye-XV, iincwadi zaqala ukusasaza ngokubanzi. Okokuqala, bathwala ukukhanya kwiNdlu yezityebi, ngokulandelelana kwaye banendleko zokuxabisa kakhulu. Ngelo xesha, iibhukumaki zazenziwa kungekuphela nje umsebenzi wokuhamba, kodwa kwaye wanceda ukugcina iincwadi kwitempile. Ifezekisiwe yinto yokuba umfundi bekungafuneki ukuba ayikhuphele incwadi ekhangela iphepha elifunayo. Ngelo xesha, iibhukumaki zenziwe ngeziqwenga zolusu, kunye nezinto ezahlukeneyo eziphethe umsebenzi wokuhombisa, umzekelo, iziqwenga ze-lace. Kancinane kamva apho kukho iibhukumaki ezibandakanya iiribhoni ezininzi okanye iintambo eziqingqiweyo kubantu abahlukeneyo.
Olu lutshintsho lwaluqikelelwa kungekuphela kwintshona, kodwa naseRussia. I-bookmark enjalo yenza ukuba kubhiyozela amaphepha aliqela okufunwa kwangoko, nto leyo eyayisenza ukuba ilungele ukufunda iincwadi ezahlukeneyo - ezobuchwephesha nezenkolo. Iibhukumaki, ezibizwa ngokuba "lasse" zivele kwinkulungwane ye-Xvisi. Babefana noorhulumente bawo, kodwa babeyinxalenye yencwadi, kuba Iitoti zibaphembelela kwingcambu yencwadi. Emva kwe-1860, ukuveliswa kweebhukumaki kwakukhulu. Oku kungenxa yokuqulunqwa kwetekhnoloji eprintiweyo kunye nexabiso labo eliphantsi. Ekuqaleni, zenziwa kwiilaphu ezahlukeneyo, kwaye kamva zaqalisa ukukhupha i-ncwadi eprintiweyo. Ayisiyonto nje eyongezwa nje kwiimveliso zencwadi, kodwa kwakhona ithwala iintlobo ngeentlobo zolwazi, ezinjengentengiso okanye i-propaganda.
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Izimvo eziqhelekileyo
Zonke iintlobo zeebhukumaki zinokwahlulwa zibe yitekhnoloji kunye nombhali. Iintlobo zetekhnoloji yimbali yophuhliso lwebhukumaki ehambelana notshintsho kuphuhliso lwetekhnoloji. Kwaye iibhutsikhi zelungelo lokushicilela zisibonisa imbali yokuhombisa le ntetho yeNcwadi engaguqukiyo.
Ngokuphuhliswa kwetekhnoloji, ukulala kuye kuphuculo olubonakalayo. Khawuqwalasele ezinye iintlobo zezinto ezinjalo. Iiklip bezihlala zisetyenziswa njengeebhukumaki. Ityhalela i-M. Kinle ukwenza ibhukumaki, kuYilo lwephepha lokuyila kwakhona.
Inketho yanamhlanje:
Inqaku elikrelekrele sisixhobo esingazikhumbuliyo kuphela apho wawuphazamisayo ufunda, kodwa uya kukunceda ngokukhangela iincwadi. Ixhotyiswe ngokufana komntu ofana nange-Navigator, ebonisa idatha yedatha yethala leencwadi, kwaye ikunyanzela ukuba uyindawo efunekayo kwincwadi efunekayo kwi-rack nesherifu. Ngapha koko, unokufunda ibhakhowudi encwadini kwaye azokulumkisa ukuba iphelelwe lixesha lakhe kwaye lixesha lokuba ibuyisele ilayibrari.
Ukusonga i-lanterns ze-lanterns ayiyi kuthi kuphela ukuba ivumele iphepha elifanelekileyo, kodwa liya kwenza ukuba ifundwe kwigumbi elimnyama kakhulu. Kukutshaja kwibhetri yelanga.
Ezinye iibhukumaki zenza umsebenzi ophindwe kabini. Umzekelo, le thebhu ye-USB inokusetyenziselwa ukumakisha iphepha ofunekayo kwaye wenze indima yolwazi lweendaba.
Iinkosikazi azikabekho zikhoyo kwaye ziphucule umhlolisiso wesifundo esilula. Sebenzisa izixhobo ezahlukeneyo kunye nobuchule, ungazenzela i-bookmark yelungelo lokushicilela lencwadi yencwadi. Ingasetyenziswa nguwe okanye inikezelwe njengesongezelelo kwincwadi - esona sipho sibalaseleyo sexesha lonke.
Ukhetho olulula
Ukunamathisela amaphepha amaphepha kwi-Cliptureal Sliption Clip, unokufumana i-bookmark enkulu yencwadi. Iya kubamba nzima ukugcina iphepha elifanelekileyo.
Eyona ndlela ilula yokwenza i-bookmark yephepha yindlela ye-applique.
Ukwenzela ukuba wenze ibhukumaki enjalo, kwanele ukusika iipeyinti ezintle ezenziwe ngephepha elinemibala okanye kwimagazini endala kunye neGlue kwiphepha lephepha.
Indlela ye-Orimomi
Ubugcisa bokusonga amaphepha abahlukeneyo bafika kuthi kwi-china yakudala. Kwakulapho iphepha lokuqala lakhiwe. Ngaba ufuna amaphepha encwadi yakho ukukhusela utshintsho lwesilwanyana? Sicebisa ukuba uyenze ngezandla zakho kwi-Oriquique. Ukwenza ibhukumaki ngendlela yekona uya kuyifuna:
- Iphepha elinemibala;
- Iglu;
- Isikere.
Inqaku lesihloko: Ukuluka iibhasikiti ukusuka kumdiliya wokuqalisa: Ungayifumana njani izandla zakho nge-tutorials yevidiyo
Thatha iphepha lesikwere.
Songa u-Diagonally.
Ngoku iziphelo ezisezantsi zenxantathu kufuneka zongezwe kwi-vertex yazo.
Yandisa i-propiece kwaye uqhubekisa embindini wephepha elinye.
I-Billet Billeler Fihla ngaphakathi.
Ikona ngokwayo ilungile. Ngoku kufuneka ihonjiswe ngobuso obuhlekisayo osikwe kwi-intanethi, kwaye uthumele kule ncwadi.
Ukuba nengqondo ekufezekiseni ubugcisa obulula, unokusebenzisa izikimu ezinzima ngakumbi zokudala iibhukumaki zendalo.
Ividiyo kwisihloko
Eli nqaku libonisa ividiyo ukuba likuncede ekwenziweni kweebhukumaki zamaphepha.