UManard ligumbi elinokusetyenziswa njengendawo yokuhlala. Uphahla lwe-attic kufuneka uqinisekise ukusebenza okuqhelekileyo kwegumbi elinjalo. Ngexesha lokwakhiwa kophahla, uyilo lweRafter luqhelekile, kwaye inyathelo phakathi kweendawo zokuhamba kophahla lwe-attic lophahla luyinto ebalulekileyo yesalathiso esibalulekileyo sokuthembeka kwayo.
Iindidi zeenkqubo zeRafter.
Imithwalo emikhulu ebangelwa bubunzima bophahla, umoya, izinto zemozulu zibonwa yinkqubo ye-stem. Umgama phakathi kophahla lophahla lohlobo lwe-attic lugcina ukuba leliphi icandelo lomthwalo kwinto nganye. Kuphela kukhetho olufanelekileyo lomgama luya kuqinisekisa uzinzo lophahla olupheleleyo.
UManard: Iimpawu zeNkqubo
Iirafti zibizwa ngokuba yi-Derier Biams ekhuselayo, eqhotyoshelwe kakhulu nezangaphandle kophahla lwe-attic.
Izinto zihlala zenziwa ngohlobo lwebhanti elomeleleyo lomthi okanye ibhotile enobunzima obune-50 mm. Ngamanye amaxesha ilog inokusetyenziswa. Kwizakhiwo ezomeleleyo ezomeleleyo, insimbi kwaye womeleza imiqadi yekhonkrithi iyasetyenziswa.
Uphahla lwe-attic, elinye lezinto ezimbini zeenkqubo zeRafter (utshintsho kwi okanye ukumiswa) kusetyenziswa, kunye nokudityaniswa komibini ukhetho kwiloyishini enye. Uhlobo lokusebenzela luphawulwe ngenkxaso nganye nganye ebhalwe eludongeni lwesakhiwo. Uhlobo lokumiswa lubonisa izinto ezidibanisa izinto eziqhelekileyo ezilungiselelwe kuphela iinkxaso ezigqithisileyo.
Iskimu senkqubo ye-raffle yophahla elaphukileyo lwe-attic.
Ngohlobo lwenkqubo yenkqubo yeRAFT esetyenziswayo, uphahla lwe-otch luhlulwe lubekwe ezi ntlobo zilandelayo: I-duplex, eyaphukileyo, i-hip, intente kwaye ihlanjelwe. Ngolwakhiwo lwabucala, owodwa, ophindwe kabini okanye ophukileyo okanye ophukileyo olona sebenzisa luxhaphakileyo. Kwisihlalo esijikelezayo, i-rafter isekwe kwiindonga zendawo eyahlukileyo, ebonelela nge-tilt (sktate) yophahla lwendlela enye. Uphahla lwe-bartal luneendiza ezimbini ezityekileyo, nganye yeingcambatho, isiphelo esinye sixhomekeke eludongeni, kwaye isiphelo sesibini sinxulunyaniswa nomnye umbhenge. Uloyilo olunjalo lungunxantathu, kwaye i-engile phakathi kwezinto ichaza ububi besi skiete. Uphahla oqhekekileyo luneziketi ezimbini, kodwa nganye kuzo inomgca wekhefu apho i-angle yokulala iguqukile.
Iimpawu zeMontge
Xa ufaka inkqubo ye-raft, uphahla lwe-attic lusebenzisa ukopha kunye nokufakwa kweeRAFT kwifom yeemilo zejometri ezilula. Eyona rigality ephezulu (ukuqina) inxulumene nonxantathu, osetyenziswa ekwakhiweni kophahla lwe-attic. Ke ngoko, olona phawulo luqhelekileyo lwe-bartal lubandakanya inani leenxantathu ezivela kwiiRafters, ezidityaniswe ziiLawus zexesha elide (run). Ukunxibelelanisa ii-rafters kwi-triangle ibonelela nge-gesiam esezantsi (maeeelet). Ukuqhubela phambili ukuthuthuka kophahla lwangaphandle lophahla kunye nokusasazwa kobunzima bayo kwi-Rafters, i-LATTE yenziwa ngendlela yemivalo okanye iibhodi.
Inqaku ngesihloko: Ifoto yeBects yegadi
Uphahla olwaphukileyo ludibanisa iintlobo ezimbini zeendlela zeRafal. Iireyitha ezisezantsi zisebenzisa i-maurollal kunye nee-racks zixhunyiwe kunxantathu oxande, othi, nazo, ziboshwe ngamandla amade. Ezantsi kwendawo yokuphumla ye-attic edongeni leNdlu. Umphezulu uqhagamshelwe kunxantatho ngonxaxhileyo ngoyilo lwe-Bartal.
Umzobo 1. Itafile ye-brause yetafile yeedrafti.
Isiphelo esisezantsi se-rafter silungisiwe kwi-lag efihlakeleyo, kwaye iziphelo eziphezulu ziqhagamshelwe ngokusebenzisa i-Losticudinal ephezulu. Iimbombo ezisezantsi ze-chaserlangs enesidima ziqhagamshelwe omnye komnye usebenzisa i-ixesha elide ukubaleka. Inkqubo eyenziwe ngokubahlula-hlukanayo ilungisiwe kwinkqubo ye-raft yomazantsi. Iiracks ezongezelelweyo ezithe nkqo zisetyenziselwa ukomeleza oonxantathu abaphezulu. Ke, uphahla lwe-attic lusecaleni ngalinye umphezulu ngekhefu. Endle iqala ngobuqhetseba omkhulu, kwaye emva koko ifumaneke ubukhulu obuthambileyo.
Unxibelelwano lwe-attic ecikizekileyo ye-attic kunye nemivalo ye-ixesha elide (kubandakanya ne-celiry ceam) iveliswa yindlela ye-pillil kwi-bar kwi-on kwisithathu ubude. Ukulungiswa kwemida enqamlezileyo kuyacetyiswa ukuvelisa uqhagamshelo lwesikrikhi. Ngomsebenzi onjalo, imisebenzi yeenkqubo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zeRafal zahlulwe, kwaye zibalwa njengeenkqubo ezahlukeneyo.
Iiparamitha ezithathelwe ingqalelo xa ukhetha iirafti
Xa ukhetha uyilo lwenkqubo ye-raft, ubungakanani bamaplanga kunye nenani lezinto kubalulekile ukuba ziphendule kuwo onke imithwalo echaphazela i-rafrid. Le mizobo inokwahlulwa ibe yinto esisigxina neyokugqibela, yethutyana okanye ithutyana. Phantsi komthwalo osisigxina, ubunzima bayo yonke into yophahla lwe-attic kufuneka luthathwe: ulwakhiwo oluqinileyo kunye nophahla lwangaphakathi, indawo yophahla olukhuselekileyo, izinto ezinokuqhotyoshelwa kwe-Attic. Ubunzima bophahla lwangaphandle lunokutshintsha ngogonyamelo kuxhomekeke kuhlobo kunye nezinto zokuhamba.
Umzobo wobude bobude beemitha ukusuka kwi-engile yokuqulunqwa kophahla.
Njengomthwalo wethutyana okanye amaxesha ngamaxesha, izinto zendalo kufuneka zithathelwe ingqalelo. Oku kunjalo, kuqala, ubunzima bekhephu ebusika. Impembelelo ebalulekileyo ngumoya, kwaye indlela yomthwalo onjalo inokuba yahlukile. Kwezinye izithili, le nto inokuthatha isigqibo. Akunakwenzeka ukungazihoyi ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba amanzi ahambe. Ukongeza, kuyimfuneko ukuba uthathele ingqalelo ubunzima babantu kunye nezixhobo xa usenza umsebenzi wokulungisa eluphahleni.
Inqaku lesihloko: Umthwalo kwi-loggia kunye ne-balcony
Ijometri yophahla kunye nenkqubo yeRAFT inesiphumo esibonakalayo ekunikezelweni komthwalo. Iiparamitha ezisisiseko zinokubangelwa bubude nobubanzi bophahla, kunye nobubi be-state. Ubude bophahla luchaphazela kakhulu ukusasazwa komthwalo, ke ngoko ubude kukunceda ukusebenzisa i-racks ezithe nkqo. Ukunyuka kobubanzi bophahla kukhokelela kulo mthwalo kuwo onke amaRafters, kuba ubude babo kunye nobunzima bezinto zonke zisanda. Ngophahla oluxhaphakileyo, uhlobo olwaphukileyo lubaluleke ngakumbi ngenxa yobukho bee-racks ezithe tye kunye nokusasazwa kwemithwalo phakathi kweenkqubo ezahlukeneyo ezahlukeneyo.
Utshintsho kwiratshi yesi skate ichaphazela iiparameter. Ukunyuka kobushushu, kwelinye icala, kunciphisa ukuqokelelwa kwekhampasi yekhephu kwaye kuguqulwe umthwalo kwiindonga zendlu, kwelinye icala lophahla kunye nomoya ovuthiweyo iindawo. Ukuxinezeleka kwemithwalo endongeni kungachaphazela kakubi ukuthembakala kweNdlu, ngenxa yokuncipha komthwalo kwi-rafyl, imithwalo eqhubekayo eludongeni ilele.
IIMFUNO ZOKWENZIWA KOKUSETYENZISELWA KWESICWANGCISO SOKUGQIBELA
I-Atters ye-Chotter ukuya kwiMauert.
Ukubalwa kwenani leziliwa kunye neeparamitha zokufaka kusekwe kulwakhiwo lwezinto ezisemgangathweni eziphezulu. Kolu nxibelelwano, izinto ezibonakalayo kufuneka zikhethwe kwinkqubo yeSolo, esekwe kwezi meko zilandelayo.
Njengamadlelo aphambili, kuphela ixesha eliphezulu le-50x100 mm kufuneka isetyenziswe.
Zonke izinto ezenziwe ngomthi ngexesha lokufakwa kufuneka zomiswe kakuhle (umxholo wokufuma ovumelekileyo awungebi ngaphezu kwe-15%). Inani leziphene ezincinci kwi-bar alinakuba ngaphezulu kwe-3 m nge-1 m. Umthi ngaphambi kofakelo lwenziwe nge-antiseptic. Eyona iboniswe kakuhle imithi yamatye asebenza. Iiracks ezithe nkqo zenziwa kwi-bar ene-100x100 mm ngesheke kwindawo yabo ethe nkqo esebenzisa i-plum.
Iimpawu zokubala zeRafal
Emva kokukhetha kophahla lwe-attic lophahla (ngokusekelwe kwiingcebiso zeengcali kwaye ngokungqinelana nedatha yesalathiso), ezona parameter eziphambili z umgama phakathi kweedrafti (inyathelo le-rafter) kunye nenombolo yazo. Ngokwesiqhelo, umgama phakathi kweendlela eziziintshaba zivela kwi-0.6 ukuya kwi-1.5 m. Ukubala kuxhomekeke kwinto yokuba umthwalo ogqibeleleyo kufanele ube yi-1 m ubude be-rafter, kunye ne-2/50 yeebhulukhwe kwe-1/50 ebudeni.
Inqaku lesihloko: Amakhethini kwesiNgesi ayenze ngokwakho: Zimbini iindlela (iifoto)
Izixhobo zokwenzakalise iinyawo zeerawter.
Inani lemigca nganye kwithambeka libaliwe emva kokulinganisa ubude besikelo kwaye ukhethe umgama phakathi kweedrafti. Ubude besikelo sahlulwe linyathelo le-rafter, 1 (iyunithi) yongezwa kwisiphumo. Iziphumo ezifunyenweyo zijikelezwe kwinani elikufutshane kwicala eliphezulu.
Ukubalwa komgama phakathi kweedrafti, kuthathelwa ingqalelo zonke izinto, zinokuvelisa ingcali, kodwa ngokuziqhelanisa nezikhokelo zesalathiso. Umzekelo, kwiireyithi ezivela kwiBhodi ye-50x180 mm kunye nobude obuyithambeka kwi-3 m inyathelo le-1.5 m; Ngobude obuyi-3.5 m - 1.2 m; Kwaye ngobude obuyi-4 m - 0.9 m.
Umgama phakathi kweempawu zophahla ezahlukeneyo
Umgama phakathi kweedrafti zahluke kakhulu eluphahleni olwahlukileyo. I-teramic tile yenye yezona zinto zinzima zophahla. Ngobubanzi obuvela kwi-50X150-60x180 mm ngobukhulu, umgama ocetyiswayo phakathi kwabo yi-80-130 mm (kuxhomekeke kumqolo wesitokhwe. Ngethambeka le-15 °, inyathelo likhethiwe lilingana ne-80 cm. Ukonyuka kobude bemali, inyathelo linyuswe ngaphakathi kwemida ye-on.Umgama phakathi kwee-ragus zokuphahla kunye netayara yentsimbi isetiwe kwi-thayile yendalo. Inyathelo elifanelekileyo lingama-60-95 cm le-50 ye-50x150 mm. Xa usebenzisa ukuqeshwa komgangatho ocacileyo, inyathelo likuluhlu lwe-60-90 cm ngecandelo le-bar elivela kwi-50x100 mm ukuya kwi-50x150 mm.
Eyona nto ilula ifunyanwa xa usebenzisa i-Onulin. Umgama ofanelekileyo phakathi kwe-50x50 mm rafters yi-60-80 cm kwaye incipha xa kufakwe ibar enkulu. Xa ihlabana nophahla lwe-attic ye-attic ye-slate isetyenziswa ngenkunzi yegusha nge-50X100 mm ukuya kwi-50x150 mm. Inyathelo lifakwe kuluhlu lwe-60-80 cm.
Izixhobo ezifunekayo
Xa ufaka ii-rafters kuhlaselo lwe-aptic, ezi zixhobo zilandelayo zisetyenziswa:
- Bulgarian;
- I-Drill;
- hacksaw;
- wabona;
- i-ax;
- chisel;
- isando;
- indiza.
Xa ufaka inkqubo yokulinganisa kunxweme lwe-attic kubalulekile ukumisela umgama ogqibeleleyo phakathi kweedrafti. Ukhetho oluchanekileyo lwale parameter luya kukuvumela ukuba ubala inani lezinto ezibonakalayo kwaye uqinisekise ukuthembeka kophahla olupheleleyo.