Uhlobo lophahla, kanye nokuqukethwe kophahla ngalo, udinga ukukhetha esigabeni sokuklama ukunquma ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukusebenzisa okukodwa noma enye inketho. Idizayini yayo incike ngosayizi wendlu, izitezi zayo, ukuhlelwa kwangaphakathi nezinye izinto ezidinga ukubhekwa lapho zikhethiwe.
Yini ophahleni olusendlini kusuka kubha?
Umbono ovame kakhulu wophahla lwezindlu zangasese awonke futhi ngokhuni ikakhulukazi kukhona ophahleni oluphahlakele noma, njengoba bebizwa nangokuthi ama-forceps. Phakathi kwezinzuzo zabo eziphambili zilula ukwakhiwa, intengo ephansi, ukuthembeka kanye nokusebenzisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinto zophahla. Izinketho nazo zingenzeka zisebenzisa izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe, ngokwesibonelo, uphahla lweHolmic luphelele phansi, futhi uphahla oluphukile lungenziwa khona izindlu ezinkulu. Uphahla olulodwa nolusicaba luvame ukusetshenziselwa izakhiwo ezisizayo: Sarai, Garages, njll.
Ukukhethwa kophahla kuhlale kungukuyekethisa phakathi kwesithombe esihle nokusebenziseka. Uphahla kufanele lube lula ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze ungakhamili imithwalo engadingekile ezindongeni nasesisekelweni, kepha ngasikhathi sinye unamandla futhi uthembekile. Lapho kunzima kakhulu ukwakheka, okujwayelekile kunzima kophahla, futhi yize ibha imelana nemithwalo emikhulu impela, kungcono ukunikeza ithumba.
Ungayakha kanjani uphahla ngezandla zakho?
Ukwakhiwa kophahla kuyinqubo enzima, futhi kungcono ukukwethemba ngochwepheshe. Ngaphambi kokwakhiwa ekwakheni, kuyadingeka ukubala ukubalwa kwemithwalo evunyelwe, ngenkathi kunqunywa amapharamitha adingekayo ezinto ezihlelekile. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kulula ukusebenzisa izinhlelo ezikhethekile lapho ukubalwa kwenziwa khona ngokuzenzakalelayo.
Idizayini yophahla isuselwa kufreyimu, eyenziwe ngemigoqo yokhuni - uhlelo lwe-rafter. Izici eziphambili zalolu hlelo zibhalwe phansi - imigoqo ebona umthwalo ophahleni, kanye nezici zangaphandle bese uyidlulisela ezindongeni. Zonke izingxenye zohlelo lwe-rafter kumele zixhumane ngokuthembekile ngosizo lwe- "Groove Groove" fasteners.
Ngaphambi kokuqhubeka nokwakhiwa kophahla, kuyadingeka ukwenza ukuqiniswa okwengeziwe kwezindonga zendlu nokwenza imicu yemigoqo yomugqa ongenhla ukunciphisa imithwalo eseceleni eyenziwe lapho kunamathela ezinyaweni eziseceleni. I-screed yenziwa ngokuxhuma izindonga eziphambene nosizo lwesigaba se-150x100 mm. Ezikhungweni, kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa imigoqo ehlukile ephelele, ukuze uzikhulise ngokubopha imigoqo eminingana awukwazi. Imigoqo ye-muffy ezingeni lophahla.
Isihloko ngesihloko: ukhonkolo wamanzi wepani ngokhonkolo: ukhonkolo oqinisiwe, imvula, ukufakwa
Uma indawo yokwakha ibalulekile, ezingeni lokufakwa kwe-sclelap liboshwe nge-1. -150 mm, ekuvumela ukuthi usakaze futhi ngokulinganayo umthwalo osekelweni. Ngokungafani nemibukiso ye-B Ungenza ukuthi kwenzeke ukuthi kwenzeke kusuka kumabha ambalwa uma amalunga phakathi kwawo azothembela kumabha okopela noma imishayo. Amalunga kufanele aqiniswe ngamakhona ngensimbi noma kubakaki. Ubukhulu kanye nenombolo yamalitha kunqunywe lapho kubalwa uhlelo lwedwa futhi kuya endaweni yendlu, uhlobo lophahla, ithambeka, ubukhona kanye nosayizi kanye nosayizi wegumbi le-attic. Ezimweni lapho i-attic ihlelwe ukuba isetshenziswe ngezinhloso zebhizinisi, iqhwa kufanele lilungiswe ngendlela yokuthi zihambisane nelayini yodonga. I-attic ingathathelwa indawo yindawo ephelele yokuphila - i-attic, kepha kulokhu udinga ukuhlinzeka ngohlobo olufunayo ophahleni olusezingeni lomsebenzi, ithambeka le-skates yalo kanye nokuphakama okudingekayo.
Ama-Screeds kanye namalitha afakwa ngokushesha ngemuva kokukhuphuka imishayo yophahla emugqeni owengeziwe wokugxoba abekwe ngaphezulu kwawo. Ukuxhumeka kwe-Brusev Ukuhlanza amalitha namathayi kuthuthukiswa ngamapuleti ensimbi, okuhlinzeka ngokuvikelwa okwengeziwe ekunqamuleni okungaba khona kwama-grooves kanye nama-spikes lapho kubhalwa imigoqo. Ngakho-ke, kuvela ukwakhiwa okuqinile futhi okuqinile okusebenza njengesisekelo esithembekile sophahla lwanoma yikuphi ukuxaka.
Ngokuya nge-angle yokuthambekela kophahla lophahla, imithwalo esetshenzisiwe iyaguqulwa. Isibonelo, ngamanani amakhulu e-angle, lapho uphahla lunokuphakama okukhulu, imithwalo yomoya ikhuthele kakhulu kuyo, ngenkathi isemthambekeni omncane womthwalo ikakhulukazi ovela eqhweni. Ngakho-ke, lapho ukhetha ophahleni, izimo zezulu zesifunda nazo kufanele zibhekwe.
Ukwakhiwa kohlelo lweRafter
Uhlelo lweRafter luqukethe izinto ngazinye okufanele ziphindeke ngenani elifunekayo, ziphinda nje. Ngoba futhi abakhiqizi bavame ukusebenzisa ithempulethi elungiselelwe ngaphambili ehlangabezana nayo yonke imingcele ebaliwe.
Ukwakhiwa kophahla kuqala ngokukhiqizwa konyawo lwe-rafter - amakhompiyutha ama-rafter amabili anama-angle phakathi kwawo, ahambelana ekhoneni phezulu ophahleni. Komunye nomunye, ingaphezulu ekhoneni eliphumayo le-rafter lixhumeke ngokugoqwa. Ama-Rafters, njengezinto eziphathini eziphambili zohlelo lwe-rafter, kufanele zenziwe kuphela ezinkuni ezisezingeni eliphakeme, amabhodi azowakhe akufanele abe mncane kune-50 mm. Ububanzi bamapulangwe buxhomeke ngobukhulu bendlu kanye nokuthambekela kwenduku yophahla, yingakho ubude be-rafter. Ngobude obufinyelela ku-6 m, ububanzi bukhethwe kusukela ngo-150 mm, ubude obude bukhulu kune-6 m, ububanzi kumele okungenani bube ngu-180 mm. Ungaxhuma amabhodi amaningana ukuthola ububanzi obufunayo. Ukuhlukaniswa kwama-rafting kuyavunyelwa futhi, kepha ngasikhathi sinye kufanele kwenziwe nge-Overlap okungenani ama-500 mm. Ibanga phakathi kwama-rafter linqunywa ukubalwa futhi ngokuvamile alidluli ama-2,5 m.
Isihloko ngesihloko: Ungahlanganisa kanjani uthayela odongeni ekhishini: Ukubeka kanjani, izinketho zokubeka, indlela yokubeka kahle, ukufundiswa kwezithombe, igalari yezithombe
Ibhodi elimile lifakwe phakathi kwama-rafter, ukuphakama kulingana nokuphakama kophahla. Ngenxa yalokhu, kufanele kutholakale umklamo, ufana nonxantathu ohlomayo ngokuphakama, kepha ngaphandle kwesisekelo. I-compact ephumela ikhuphuka ekuphakameni okufisayo futhi ihlelwe imigoqo yokwehla, kuyilapho imilenze ye-rafter kufanele iphumule ekuhambeni. Ukumakwa kusetshenziswa ezindaweni futhi kumakwe izindandatho ezalandela zenziwa. Lapha udinga ukunaka kakhulu, ngoba lokhu kuxhumana kuzothatha yonke imithwalo, ngaphandle kokuthi kufakwe ezinye izesekeli. Uhlobo lokuqinisa "iSchip-Groove" kufanele lunikeze ukuqina okukhulu. Imvamisa, amakona okulayini noma wensimbi nawo abizwa ngokuthi umshuwalense kuma-rafters. Kuyasiza ukuthola uxhumano olunokwethenjelwa kakhulu oluvikelekile ekukhubazekeni kwezinkuni.
Ukwakhiwa kohlelo lwe-rafter ngezandla zabo. Icebo
Ngaphezu kwalokho ngephethini, kwenziwa imilenze ye-rafter elandelayo, yenziwa endaweni yokufaka futhi ilungiswe ngokuxhumeka "Schip-Groove". Ukufakwa kokufakwa, ukuqala ngenye yamaFrones. Phakathi kwawo, imilenze yomakhelwane ehlukahlukene ixhunyiwe kusetshenziswa ikhreyithi yesikhashana.
Ukukhula ophahleni
Isinyathelo esilandelayo ukufakwa kokuma nokugijima. Ukuze unciphise umthwalo engcindezini yophahla lophahla ezindlini zokugijima, kanye nokuqinisekisa ukulungiswa kwazo okuqinile, ama-bhehlels asetshenziswa - amabhodi anesigaba sesiphambano se-150x40-150x50 mm. Ukufakwa kwama-rigger kuqala ngengxenye ephakathi yokwakhiwa ohlangothini lwezindonga ezingaphandle. Zinamathiselwe kokunye okusele ngezipikili, nangolunye uhlangothi inani lezinzipho kumele okungenani zibe ezintathu.
Enye indlela yokuqinisa uphahla ukusetshenziswa kwamasosha amade. Kuliqiniso, ezimweni eziningi kungenzeka ukukwenza ngaphandle kwazo, ngoba esiqondisweni eside, ukuqina kwandisa amabhodi ekhreyithi.
Ngemuva kokuthi ama-rafters afakiwe, ungqimba lwezinto ezingenamanzi zibekwe phezu kwazo. Lesi singqimba sivikela ukumelana nomswakama hhayi kuphela uhlelo lwe-rafter kuphela, kodwa futhi nemikhawulo engaphakathi yendlu, ngakho ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuyadingeka.
Ukufakwa kophahla ngezandla zakho
Ngokuqondene nokwakhiwa kophahla, ukwakhiwa kwalo kuqediwe. Okulandelayo inqubo yokufakelwa, kanye nokufakwa kwezinto zophahla. Kuqala nge-crate lapho uphahla luyofakwa khona. Amatshe amapulangwe ngamapulangwe anamathele ezihlahleni zethu noma ebangeni elithile phakathi kwazo.
Uphahla oluqediwe kufanele lube neziketi ezibukhali ezixande, zifane nakanjani (sikhuluma ngophahla lwaseBartal). Ukunemba kokwakhiwa kwe-design kuzokwenza kube nokwenzeka ukusabalalisa kahle umthwalo ezindongeni, futhi indawo yezinga izokwenza ukufakwa kwezinto zophahla.
Manje kunomugqa wokufakwa kwegama elibizwa nge- "Roofing Cake". Uphahla akuyona kuphela impahla yophahla, ebethelwe ekhreyini. Lolu futhi uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi oluyinkimbinkimbi lwezendlalelo ze-hydro, ukushisa, umphunga kanye nokufakwa okuzwakalayo, ukuqinisekisa izimo zokuphila ezintofontofo kunazo zonke endlini. Ngokukhetha okulungile nokufakwa okunekhono kwazo zonke lezi zingqimba, kungenzeka ukusindisa kakhulu ekufudumaleni, umoya omncane kanye nokulwa namanzi ngesikhathi sokusebenza. Futhi, uphahla luvikela ngokuthembekile kohlelo lwe-rafter ethonyeni lesimo sezulu kanye nomswakama ophezulu.
Isihloko ngesihloko: Umhlaba we-Caserical: Izindonga zesibuko ezingaphakathi (izithombe ezingama-55)
Ungqimba wokuqala we- "Cake" - vaporizoation - Kuyifilimu ekhethekile eyelulwe esisekelweni sophahla nakulo lonke umkhawulo wokwakha. Phakathi kwazo, amashidi ngamanye amafilimu afakwa eScotch. I-POOSOLation ivimbela umswakama ovelile ezakhiweni eziphansi kwi-cercerspace.
Isendlalelo sesibili - Ukufakwa okushisayo . Kubaluleke kakhulu ukukhetha ukufakwa okulungele izimo ezibekiwe. Kumele kube yingozi, i-biostrit, ukweba izinga lokushisa lesikhathi sonyaka nokwanda komswakama. Ubukhulu belanga bukhethwa ngokuya ngezimo zokusebenza. Enye yezinto ezivame kakhulu ngoboya bezimbiwamayini, kanye nokufakwa okusekelwe ku-basalt noma kwi-fiberglass. Kepha amagwebu angcono angasebenzisi, ikakhulukazi uma izinduku zihlala e-attic ukuthi zingamhlupha, futhi impilo yakhe insiza incane. Usendlalelo wokufakelwa ungabekwa ngaphakathi kophahla nangaphandle. Phakathi kwengqimba yokufakelwa kanye nongqimba olulandelayo lokungena kwamanzi kumele kube yigebe elincane lokuphuma umoya omncane.
Ungqimba lokufaka ngaphansi kwamanzi Kuveza ulwelwesi oluphefumulayo. Kufanele kwenzeke ukuphuma komoya kusuka kugebe phakathi kwezendlalelo ukuze umswakama awunqwabelana kukho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyadingeka ukuhlinzeka ngokuphambukiswa kwe-condensate ekuhlinzekweni kukalwelwesi, oluzovimbela amanzi ukuthi angenele izinto ezakha amakhambi.
Ungqimba wokugcina we- "pie" - Impahla yophahla . Inamathele emabhodini egobolondo ngendlela yokuthi igebe elincane lokungena komoya phakathi kwalo kanye nongqimba lokufaka amanzi. Ukukhethwa kokuqukethwe kophahla kuncike ohlotsheni lophahla, izimo zezulu, isitayela sonke sokugcinwa kwezindlu, amakhono ezezimali, njll. Okudumile kakhulu ngamathayili ensimbi, amathayili we-butuminous, amashidi ethusi nabanye. Lapho ukhetha, udinga ukunaka izinkomba zokusebenza kwezinto ezibonakalayo ezizosindisa, ngokwesibonelo, ekufakweni okunengqondo. Kwezinye izimo, uphahla lwenziwe ngokhuni. Lokhu akwenziwa ekucabangeni okusebenzayo, kodwa kunalokho ukudala ukubukeka okuthile "ngaphansi kwezinsuku zakudala". Ukuphahlazeka kophahla kuphansi kangakanani kwabanye, ngoba kudinga ukucutshungulwa okwengeziwe okubiza kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkuni ngisho nangemva kokulashwa kuzwela umswakama, ngakho-ke, ungqimba lwamanzi lubekwe ekunakekelweni okukhethekile.
Izinto zophahla ezimweni eziningi zinamathiselwe kwi-crate zisebenzisa izinzipho ezikhethekile noma ngezikulufo zokuzishaya nge-rubber cindezela okunamathiselwe ukuxhumeka, kungabikho okusho lutho.
Ngemuva kokubeka ungqimba wokugcina, ungaqala ngokwakhiwa kwamaWindScreaws, ukufakwa kwesiketi, ukuhlelwa kwamatshe.