Crafts of Russian lacquer miniatures began its history in 1795, from the first production of tobacker from Papier-Masha. The technology was delivered by the merchant P.I. Korobovy from Germany in the deep Moscow region in the village of Danilovka, which is now part of the village Fedoskino. It was in those regions that the art of lacquer miniatures on the tobackerkers, on which the Russian folklore was depicted. One of the branches of this art is the Palencal painting.
Vintage craft Paleca
In Paleh, ancient times were engaged in masters icon painters. In the village, where the residents of Suzdal and Vladimir from the Tatar-Mongolian Iga were running around, they were engaged in inoconstrating with whole families, monumental painting, restoration of cathedrals and churches, and in particular the Novodevichy Monastery, the temples of the Troitsko-Sergiye Lavra, the Granovic Chamber of the Moscow Kremlin.
Palekh painting on caskets, caskets, ashtrays, broochs and needles appeared much later after the revolution. Ivan Golikov, inspired by the works of the Lukutinian masters in the Moscow Kustar Museum, created his first miniature "Adam in Paradise", golden drawings An black background. Later, he together with a relative A.A. Glazunov created a workshop with Phahi masters. The picture shows the feature of the craft.
After success at the exhibitions of the first works in Moscow and Venice, the Artel of Ancient Painting was opened, and in 1933 Phanek art school. For many years, Palekh art has undergone ups and falls, but the works of Palen artists are known to many and do not lose their receivers in the work. Palekh miniature was revived in 1980 and the production of caskets with this painting exists in the modern 21st century.
Engineering painting
Features of Palekh's lacquer miniatures recognizable among many arts. Traditional images of epic stories, fairy tales, old life of peasants and merchants are characterized by conventional forces, drawn figures, medieval stylization.
The color palette in miniatures is replied by the ancient Russian traditions, where red, yellow, and green colors are combined, abundantly torn gold, made on a black background.
The technique of writing a miniature in Palekh retained the stylistic customs of the painting icons, as well as the technology of manufacturing, the so-called paint temperatures, produced on the basis of dry powder powder powder, bred by water. For a binder, chicken yolk was used, and later special polymers, oils in the glue solution. Tempered paints today are ousted by oil paints, but they are used for painting, as they have high durability.
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The gold paint is made from sheet gold, which crumble and mixed with a gumiarabic, dissolved in water then dried under the lamp. The process of making paint is very laborious The garbage should not get into it, otherwise the paint will be bad. Paleshan also use aluminum powder. Under varnish he turns yellow.
The traditions of creating a varnish miniature on the boxes retained their technology. Such a box is done in workshops for about two months. Initially, Papier Masha is made from cardboard and clays, pressed, dried about 10 days, soaked in warm flax oil, then dried and pressed. Of these papier-mache dipers, the billers are pulled out, grind red clay, cleaned, grind several times.
Further, the product goes to masters of painting, they apply a drawing in several stages. First of all, it makes it with white color, then applying colored spots. In the end, contours and individual parts are drawn, then the drawing is fixed with varnish, after which you can apply gold and silver.
After that, several layers of varnish are applied, which are polished in stages until the product is quite smooth and smooth. Then they are folded into soft packaging.
In fact, many of the paintings retain their technologies that do not have the best analogues in quality and durability, the masters use old methods for producing original products, mixing paints, while obtaining the desired colors that transmit ancient spirit and mystery. Illustrations of lacquer miniatures depicting images in motion, creating a stress in the plot. Developing mane, cloaks of warriors, vortex winds and waves of the seas.
The work of Phaehan masters contain fabulous plots depicting Pushkin's fairy tales, in particular, a fairy tale of fisherman and fish, about Tsar Saltan, Ruslan and Lyudmila, as well as other folk tales and epics for children. The pictures shown on the drawings are easy to recognizable: three heroes, the heat of the bird, a scientist cat and crazy horses with golden manes, as well as other fabulous characters, known to us since childhood, as in the photo below.
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On more modern products, you can see the image of historically important people, such as Yuri Gagarin, Tsiolkovsky and others, and Palekh miniature, as well as other paintings, are used in monumental painting, in mass printed literature, stamps, postcards and other souvenirs, in Memory to foreign friends.
