The monolithic ribbon foundation is a permanent design of steel reinforcement and concrete tape. It is located around the perimeter of the building and under all carriages and elements. When compliance with the technology, the design becomes a single integer - monolith - and has very high reliability and strength characteristics. For this reason, it is popular for both the construction of multi-storey houses and private cottages.
The monolithic belt foundation is advisable to apply with a low level of groundwater: when they are located below the required depth of the foundation. Otherwise, it is necessary to organize drainage, and these are additional (and considerable) funds.
It looks like a ready-made monolithic ribbon foundation
Device and types
In the depth of the occurrence, tape foundations are small and deep lounge. Small-brewed can be used on calm, unfinished soils with a good carrying ability to build a small mass - from wood and erected by frame technology.
In this case, the tape should be 10-15 cm in a solid layer, which is located under the fertile. At the same time, according to standards, it cannot be less than 60 cm.
Types of belt foundations in the depth of the Blowjob
Monolithic ribbon foundations of deep downtit are done under heavy, massive houses. In general, they omit them 10-15 cm below the level of primeros of soils for the region. At the same time, the sole should be based on a layer with a good bearing capacity. If this is not so, you have to go down below. For example, if the level of primeros of the soils is 1.2 m, and the fertile layer ends at a 1.4 m mark, then it is necessary to drop below 1.4 m.
With formwork or without
In general, the technology of the construction of a monolithic belt foundation provides for the installation of the formwork. These are structures from shields that gives the shape of concrete and does not give it to spread. It is clear that the formwork is additional costs for materials, as well as extra time on its assembly and installation.
Formwork - Design of boards or plywood, which gives the foundation
Sometimes for the purpose of saving, on good soils, the foundation is riveted exactly on the markup - on the desired width and depth. And this pans are poured concrete without formwork. Such technology cannot guarantee the required degree of reliability, the result is not possible to predict. The fact is that for the set of normal strength concrete, a certain amount of water is necessary. Without formwork, water although a little, but absorbed into the ground, which can affect the quality of the most concrete stone. In the worst case, he can crumble.
From the situation go out, spreading into the trench polyethylene film. But on it, then go - the reinforcement should be done. And rods, and boots do not damage the film. As a result, the moisture still goes out.
Foundation without formwork - Risky undertaking
In some cases, such foundations may defend some number of years without problems. But sooner or later, cracks or concrete appear begins to crumble. The second difficulty of working with such a foundation is not the perfect geometry. In order to reduce heat loss, the foundation is insulated, and most often plates of foam or extruded polystyrene foam. Try to stick them on an uneven surface. The same situation with vapor barrier: the film is very difficult (almost impossible) to stick to uneven, porous concrete with soil splashes. Justified or not such an approach is to solve you, but it is possible to recommend such a foundation only under the fence or shed.
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Basement in a house with a tape foundation
The basement may be the same area as the house, and can only take part of the space. And it is necessary to determine its dimensions until the design.
If the basement takes only some part of the space, it will not be possible to remove all the soil, and dig only trenches under the tape. Copy the basement also for certain rules. Its accommodation and arrangement can also be developed at the design stage.
Ribbon monolithic foundation with basement - challenging task (to increase image sizes Click on it right mouse button)
If it was decided to make a basement later, it is necessary to choose a place and determine the depth so that when holding lines from the base of the house at an angle of 45 °, they did not pass through empties (demonstrated in the photo on the right).
If the basement is located under the entire area of the house, then the soil is removed all to the desired depth. In general, such a project is not new, you will not call: work and expenses much more. First, reinforced wall reinforcement and their large thickness are required. Since inside the ground will not be, then the walls of the basement will need to resist the pressure of the soils from the outside. Therefore, the thickness of the tape will be much more and the reinforcement is needed more powerful, it stacked with a smaller step, the number of reinforcement belts will increase. As a result, only for the foundation, the consumption of reinforcement will increase. Secondly, concreting will be required and, possibly, the reinforcement of the floor basement across the area. And this is again the materials - concrete and fittings. Thirdly, it will take effectively ventilation to remove underground gases. Such a structure can no longer design. Work should work, and with extensive experience.
One of the options for the foundation for the house with the basement (to zoom in the size of the picture, click on it with the right mouse button)
Monolithic Ribbon Foundation: Stages of construction
Even if the house is to build a house or a brigade, the developer to know the technology is necessary: only so you can control the process and be confident in the quality of work.In general, the technology is such:
- Marking of the site.
- Land work.
- Foundation seal, basic recessing and tamping.
- Marking tape.
- Waterproofing.
- Assembly and installation of formwork.
- Band fittings.
- Pouring concrete and its vibration.
- Curing.
Some explanation is required. Double marking - plot and ribbons - needed if the house will be with a basement under the entire area of the house. The first time you place the area of the house, taking into account allowing of the formwork. There is no way to do without it. Then, after the pit is dug and the bottom is sank and tamper, it will be necessary to post the ribbon. On these marks, the formwork will be installed, which will form a "profile" of your home.
Now a little more about each of the stages.
Marking site
Since for designing the soil was investigated on a specific site, it is necessary to get tight. The underground structure is often heterogeneous and the offset by half the meter may be critical: suddenly there are grades or cavity. With an accuracy of a centimeter, it is hardly positioned, but it is desirable not to fluff much.
So you can make markup under the foundation on the site
Land work
Their volumes and used techniques depend on whether you will have or without the basement. If without, then you installed the tape - it will be necessary to remove the ground. Only with a reserve on the installation of formwork - and this is sometimes 50 * 80 cm on each side. For shields you need struts that will not be allowed to fall apart.
If the house with the basement is to remove all the soil. The dimensions of the pit - 2-5 m more than the sizes of the foundation. This is all the same stock under the struts for formwork.
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If the house with the basement - the boiler is obtained by a big
For large volumes it is better to use a special technique. A lot of rental is worth a lot, but the work of the "diggers" brigade will be no cheaper for several days. Speeds are disproportionate.
The upper fertile layer is placed separately, it can be immediately distributed in the garden. The rest of the soil dumped into a bunch: in part, he will go to the back of refreshing, it will be partially to take it out.
For home without basement dig less
DNA seal care and bench
After the main mass of the soil was taken out, the bottom must be aligned and seal. When the excavator is working, it often happens that some sites have 20-30 cm greater depth than necessary. All these irregularities need to be corrected: fall asleep and tamper.
Tambrush and alignment are needed throughout the area of pit or trenches. And not with the help of a deck. It can be used if you build a fence. Even during the construction of a bath or cottage it is better to use vibrating plates.
We will understand why. This level accounts for all the load of the building. Even small emptiness and irregularities can cause an uneven shrinkage and crack formation. And the bottom after the excavation of the earth is uneven. And it is possible to eliminate it using a rambling. It is even better if you pour the sand layer with medium or small grain to the bottom. It is better aligned due to smaller sizes. But for the best and faster tamping, it needs to be moistened (pour water to rush all its volume). The vibroplite creates an effort that sealing sand by 15-20 cm. It is such a layer that needs to be poured at a time. If on the project, the sand layer is 30 cm, it means you first need to pour 15 cm, shed and tamper it to high density. Then pour the second and shed it too and tamper.
There are even narrow tamping machines for sealing soil in trench
Often, the project requires the creation of sand-gravel subftings. Then on top of the compacted sand, another layer of rubble fraction 30-60 mm is added. And he is also tumped. The thickness of this layer of the subfolder is 10-15 cm. It is also necessary to pour out in small layers about 5 cm and each tamper.
In this case, the soil is not only leveling, it becomes more dense: rubble is driven into the breed below, increasing its carrying ability. Since the stove beats the pebble with a lot of power, then the seal occurs at a depth of 40-50 cm. And this is very good.
Formwork for monolithic belt foundation
The formwork makes a thickness of at least 40 mm thick, low grade plywood or OSP. Plywood is inexpensive, special - formwork. It has lamination on one side - there is a protective film. Because used can be used several times.
Shields made of leafy materials are strengthened by transverse and longitudinal bars. From the boards are bonded by crossings. The collected shields on the marking of the ribbon are set, fixed with the outdoor side of the shakes, and inside the struts are installed. All these fasteners must give the formwork to the specified dimensions. They will not give the shields to fall apart or pee in the pouring of concrete: the mass will put a considerable one on the walls, because the fasteners should be reliable.
Formwork - an uncommitable attribute of high-quality foundation
Reinforcement
Due to the characteristics of the structure - a large length and a small width - on a ribbon foundation are mainly affected by the forces that are trying to break the ribbon across. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen it along the long side. It uses a powerful ribbed reinforcement from 10 mm in diameter and more. All transverse fittings only stabilizes the longitudinal rods in space, therefore it is possible to take it smooth and use a small thickness - 6-8 mm.
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Ribbon Foundation Reinforcement Scheme
Moreover, in most cases, regardless of the depth of the occurrence, there are enough two reinforcing belts: at the top and bottom of the tape. The exclusion of the foundation device with the basement under the whole house.
The scheme of the reinforcement of the ribbon monolithic foundation is shown in the photo. At each point of connection, the reinforcement is associated with a special wire. Do it manually using hooks or automatic devices - knitting pistols.
There is another way: welding. But its use is not always justified. Work is faster, but the connection is obtained tough. When viscating the wire, the reinforcement remains some freedom. And it helps compensate for some deformations without the destruction of concrete. When welding the connection is hard, which is not bad on the one hand, but with another too rigid design can cause cracks.
And so reinforcement looks live
Another point: the place of welding always begins to collapse first. Although the reinforcement is in the thickness of concrete, and therefore is not corrosion (oxygen does not penetrate it), but with any violations and intake of oxygen, the first welded joints are destroyed.
At this stage, a laying of ventilation products and boxes occurs through which engineering communications will be supplied to the house. If you forget about this, you will have to destroy the monolith and it is very undesirable: the fewer flaps, the stronger will be the design.
Filling of belt foundation
When building a more or less large house is easier and better order delivery of the finished concrete to the site in a mixer. Then the fill can be done in one day.
You can make a concrete yourself. But this will require a concrete mixer. Manually, stirring components in the troughs to ensure the proper degree of homogeneity is impossible.
To fill a large foundation easier to order a ready solution
For the pouring manually, you will need at least three people: one sends concrete in the concrete mixer, the second distributes the finished portion, and the third vibrates just a flooded site.
Concrete vibrations are produced using manual or portable immersion vibrators. This process allows you to remove all empties, more evenly distribute the aggregate. As a result, the strength characteristics of concrete are much improved, it acquires frost resistance due to the fact that water absorbs much less. Therefore, do not skip this stage: with the same components in the solution, we obtain a higher brand concrete.
So that concrete become more homogeneous and acquired additionally frost resistance, treat it with a vibrator
Another point: when pouring from the car you need to use special gutters. First, they are easier to deliver concrete to the desired point, and secondly, the solution should not fall from a high height. If the height of the fall exceeds 150 cm, it is separated. Result - Low strength.
Curing
If the work was carried out in hot dry weather, the tape must be covered with a polyethylene film or any other material that prevents the rapid evaporation of moisture. Since the depth of concrete is large, wetting the surface of tangible results will not give. The main thing is not to give dry the top and the film with this task copes perfectly.
If the temperature is held during and after the fill in the area of + 20 ° C, after three days after the fill, the concrete will pick up the fortress of about 50%. And on the fourth day, the formwork can be removed and proceeding to further work.
At lower temperatures, it is necessary to wait more: at + 10 ° C is already 10-14 days, and at + 5 ° C, the gripping process is almost terminated. In such conditions, it is necessary or to insulate the formwork, or to warm up concrete.
The monolithic belt foundation is ready, but still work on its insulation and waterproofing. Only after that it falls asleep (backflow).