Abavelisi abagqibeleleyo beengcango zegumbi eliphezulu? [Thelekisa]

Anonim

Namhlanje kukho iimveliso ze-ELIte kunye neendidi zexabiso lohlahlo-lwabiwo mali kwiivenkile. Ewe kunjalo, umthengi uhlala efuna ukuthenga iingcango njengoko kunokwenzeka, kodwa umgangatho olungileyo, umbuzo yindlela yokudibanisa ezimbini kwezi zibhengezo? Kweli nqaku, siza kujonga ezona minyango zibalaseleyo zemveliso yangaphandle nemveliso yasekhaya, egxile kwingxelo yabathengi kunye nodumo yinkampani.

Iindidi zeengcango zangaphakathi

Ucango lwe-Interroury udlala indima ekhokelayo kwimbonakalo yangaphandle yeNdlu, njengoko inokuhombisa naliphi na igumbi. Kuxhomekeka kwisitayile esikhethiweyo, i-canvas yocango inokwenziwa kwithamsanqa okanye i-vice prosar thessang kunye neglasi yokufaka okanye izinto zembeko. Nangona kunjalo, ezona ndlela ziphambili zokukhetha olu hlobo lwemveliso zisahlala zisemgangathweni, inkonzo ende yenkonzo kunye nokulula kofakelo.

Iingcango eziphezulu eziphezulu

Ngoku uyilo lweenkuni kunye ne-MDF zithandwa kakhulu, azifani kuphela ngokunyaniseka kunye nenkonzo ende ubomi, kodwa kunye noyilo lwendalo, kodwa noyilo oluza kulungela igumbi lokuhlala okanye igumbi lokulala. Ngokunxulumene nohlobo lokudibana, aluphendula kungekuphela nje kwi-aesthetics yomnyango, kodwa nakwiimpawu zayo zokusebenza. Umgangatho wonyango ngaphakathi uxhomekeke kwizinto kwaye abantu abamenzi.

Uninzi lweefektri zaseRussia zivelisa le mveliso ilandelayo yemveliso:

  1. Inyikima;
  2. Yathunyelwa;
  3. Iimodeli zoluhlu lwe-oki, ipine, ikhwebu.

I-cavanes enamanzi amdaka, kunye neengcango ze-chaneer zinendlela efanayo. Inezinto ezininzi ezisisiseko:

  1. Isakhelo. Isebenzisa ezona zinto zingaxhathisiyo ekulahlekelweni komthi wenkuni, okhethiweyo kunikwa iindidi ezahlukeneyo ngomxholo omncinci kunye nentsalela ye-resin. I-canvas isebenza ngokucokisekileyo ngokugqibeleleyo, emva koko bathunyelwa ukuba bapeyinti okanye bagqunywe ngumaleko weVarnish.
  2. Iipleyiti ze-MDF zigubungele i-veeer yendalo okanye yenziwa ifilimu, ifilimu ekhethekileyo okanye i-PVC. Njengoko kunokubonwa, umahluko ophambili weemodeli ze-lamined kunye ne-vaneles yindlela yokuqalisa.
  3. Ukugcwaliswa kokwakha. Iingcango zangaphakathi ezingasebenziyo azinazizalisa zangaphakathi okanye zigcwaliswe ngekhadibhodi esezantsi ephantsi. Iimveliso ezibizayo zixhotyiswe ngololiwe ocekeceke ukuba kuqinisekiswe i-inshule yengxolo. Iimodeli ezinjalo zixhathisa kakhulu ekubonakaleni koomatshini kunye nezinto zokusingqongileyo.

Iingcango zale

Ulwakhiwo lweenkuni luneminyango ye-homogeneous (eqinileyo), egqiba amandla kunye nokuqina kwesakhiwo. Iifemu ezahlukeneyo ezivelisa ingqokelela yolu hlobo lweemveliso ezidityaniswe nesihloko esinye. Nangona kunjalo, iindleko zeemveliso zishiya kakhulu ukuba zinqwenele. Ngokutsho kwenqanaba le-2019 lendawo ye-2019, iimodeli zeplanga zihlala kwindawo ephambili kwi-avareji kunye neklasi yeprimiyamu.

Iminyango yePrimiyamu

Yintoni onokuyijonga xa ukhetha umzi-mveliso?

Iingcali kule ndawo zabela iikhrayitheriya ezininzi zokukhetha umvelisi weemveliso zomnyango. Umgangatho wonyaka weyona minyango ebalaseleyo isekwe kwezi parameters:
  • Ixabiso lobukho benkampani. Ukulungiswa kwendlu kungcono ukuqhuba iingcali, kuyafana nokusebenza okufanayo kukhetho lomenzi. Njengokuziqhelanisa nemidlalo, iifemu ngamava amakhulu zikhathalela umgangatho weemveliso kwaye zigxile kwimilinganiselo ye-Gost.
  • Ingxelo eyakhayo nengalunganga. Xa uthenga i-cavase yecango, akufuneki ugxile kuphela ngenkangeleko kunye nodumo lwenkampani. Ke ngoko, kuyimfuneko ukuba baziqhelanise kwangaphambili ngezimvo zabathengi abaqinisekisiweyo ngamava abo njengeemveliso ezivela kulo mthetho. Oku kungenziwa kuzo zonke iintlobo zeeforamu kwesi sihloko okanye kwiisayithi ezikhethekileyo ezinje "i-Ozzovik". Ungashiya izimvo zakho, wabelane ngombono wakho ukunceda abathengi bexesha elizayo ngokukhetha.

Inqaku lesihloko: Iingcango zangaphakathi zangaphakathi zifana neendlela ezintsha zokuphucula ngezandla zakho? | Ifoto

  • Iwaranti (ukukhutshwa kweekhuphoni zewaranti kunye namanye amaxwebhu kwiimveliso). Ukuba ufuna ukuthenga ucango lwegumbi elilungileyo lenkampani yaseRussia, sicebisa ukuba sinikele ingqalelo kwiwaranti. Okukhona ixesha elingakumbi lemveliso, ukuphakama kwezobuchwephesha kwezobuchwephesha kunye nokusebenza. Ukuba ufumana umonakalo wangaphandle kwiwebhu yeWebhu, unokuhlala ubalelwa kwilungisa elisimahla sewarati.

Le ayiyiyo yonke iparamitha yokukhetha iingcango ezininzi zangaphakathi. Iikhrayitheriya ezongeziweyo ziquka iimodeli ezahlukeneyo kwi-ferimer, izinto zokwenza izinto ezibonakalayo, iindleko zeempahla, izimo zentengiso kubathengi, ukufumaneka kweVenkile ye-Intanethi kunye noyilo lwayo.

Kwividiyo: Ungawukhetha njani umnyango wegumbi elingaphezulu.

Abavelisi bamanqanaba

Uninzi lweengcali ziyavuma ukuba ezona zinto zibalaseleyo kwimakethi yeRussia emnyango ziimveliso ezivela eSpain, e-Itali naseFinland. Imodeli yase-Itali yahlulahlulwe ngoyilo oluyedwa, kumgangatho ogqwesileyo kunye nokukhetha kakhulu kweglasi okanye i-filtings yentsimbi. Ukudibana kwelona xabiso liphezulu xa kuthelekiswa neemveliso ezifanayo ezivela kwamanye amazwe. IRussia ikwanazo neenkokeli zayo ekwenzeni iingcango eziphezulu. Indawo yokuqala yesidima yi-brand yophawu "volkhovets". Ngaphezu kweminyaka engamashumi amabini, umangalisiwe ngabalandeli imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yomyili, izisombululo zemibala kunye nenqanaba lomgangatho ofanelekileyo.

Imfuno yabathengi yemodeli ethile yocango yenziwa lucango kuxhomekeka kwimilinganiselo efana nomgangatho wemveliso, ubungakanani bayo, iindleko kunye noyilo. Njengoko uyazi, imveliso yemveliso ichaphazeleka ngqo kumgangatho weempahla. Iimveliso zokhuni zinokuba zahluke kakhulu kwezinye izinto ezisebenzayo, kuba iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeenkuni zineempawu ze-physic.

Masinike umzekelo: Iimodeli ezivela kwi-massif massif ziyinto "kakhulu - azilungelanga ukucwangciswa kwegumbi lokuhlambela, kuba ukwanda komanyano kunokukhokelela ekulahlekeni kwendlu yecango.

Umnyango kwi-massif ye-pine

Ukongeza, amandla omnyango ongaphakathi axhomekeke kwitekhnoloji yokuthintela iinkuni ezikhethiweyo. Ngokuphathelele imbonakalo yemveliso, kufanelekile ukubambisa ukhetho kunye nonxibelelwano lwabathengi. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi lukhetha omnye okanye omnye umzekelo abathengi be-modeli bazama ukuvisisane noluhlu olupheleleyo lwengaphakathi.

Apha ngezantsi kukho itafile apho zonke izibonelelo kunye neengozi zibonisiwe ngokucacileyo. Ngokusekwe koku, unokukhetha iminyango efezekisa iimfuno ezichaziweyo kwelona xabiso linokwenzeka:

Olona khetho lufanelekileyo kumyinge wexabiso lexabiso lenziwe iinkuni zendalo kunye nenqanawa yendalo. Emva koko, umnyango ovela kuluhlu (ngakumbi i-oki) idlula kwiimodeli ezixineneyo, nangona kunjalo, ixabiso liya kuba ngaphezulu kakhulu.

Kwiimeko ezininzi, ikhrayitheriya ekhuselweyo xa ukhetha umnyango ongaphakathi umnyango kukube nobubanzi beprojekthi eflethini, eofisini okanye kwindlu yabucala (banokubanzi okanye banzi). Ngokuthenga i-canvas yecawa, kuyafuneka ukuba uthathele ingqalelo amandla emali-akusoloko iimveliso ezibizayo ezihambelana nomgangatho omiselweyo. Kodwa akufanelekanga ukugcina into yangaphakathi, kuba inokuthenjwa kuphela, umnyango osemgangathweni wexesha elide uya kuhlala kwaye ugcine imbonakalo yayo.

Igumbi lokudibana

I-Veneer ngumaleko omncinci weenkuni, iphawulwa sisiseko esikhethekileyo kwaye kungabikho nto imangalisayo yokugqiba. Iqhotyoshelwe kwisakhelo esivela kuluhlu lweenkuni ze-artiful okanye i-MDF. Iitekhnoloji zale mihla zikuvumela ukuba ukhusele umbandela wokufuma, iireferensi kunye nezinye iziphumo ezibi-kuba le inyangwa ngokabume obukhethekileyo obunganyangekiyo. Abathengi abangaseluthandi wokhetho lwe-canvases bakhetheke, bephawulwe i-ecology, ukuthungwa kweenkuni kunye nembonakalo yomtsalane.

Inqaku lesihloko: Ukuhonjiswa kweengcango zegumbi eliphakathi - indlela yokuqala yokuhombisa ngaphakathi

Iingcango ezivusiweyo

Ukuba sithelekisa i-canvanes ye-cannels ene-huthi yendalo, kulula ukuqaqambisa izibonelelo zabo eziphambili - ixabiso eliphantsi, ubungakanani obuphantsi, kunye nokuba kungenzeka ukuba kuthathelwe ingqalelo. Eyona nto iphosakeleyo yolu hlobo loyilo lutshintsho kumthunzi wenkuni phantsi kwempembelelo yemitha yelanga kunye nokuthobela imithetho yokuhamba okhethekileyo (oku kuyimpawu yemveliso ye-alvero table).

Iingcango

Ngokwendlela yokulinganisa kunyaka ophelileyo, abavelisi ababalaseleyo beengcango ezinamava:

  • Inkampani "UPROFICERS". I-Brand ibandakanyeka ekukhululweni kweemodeli ezahlukeneyo zeengcango zegumbi eliphezulu kunye nezinto. Zonke iimveliso zahlulwe nguyilo oluthile, ubuhlobo obuphezulu bokusingqongileyo, ukhuseleko, kunye nexabiso elibalulekileyo elikhoyo. Ngokukhethekileyo abathengi baseRussia yingqokelela ebizwa ngokuba ngu "X", inika ucango lweminyango kwisitayile seklasikhi nakwindlela yanamhlanje. Kukwakufanelekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba le mveliso inomtsalane wengxolo egqwesileyo kunye noyilo lwe-telescopic (i-prefab-i-prefab-i-prefab-ivumela amathuba ngaphandle kokusebenzisa izikhonkwane.

Iingcango zePosi zeNtengiso

Ngaba uthelekiso lwabavelisi beengcango zegumbi eliphezulu [Khetha ezona zilungileyo?]

Ngaba uthelekiso lwabavelisi beengcango zegumbi eliphezulu [Khetha ezona zilungileyo?]

Ngaba uthelekiso lwabavelisi beengcango zegumbi eliphezulu [Khetha ezona zilungileyo?]

  • "I-romelele" uBirausse ". Inkampani yasekwa ngo-1967 ngabantakwabo eArus, iworkshop yokuqala yayikwidolophu encinci emazantsi e-Itali. Enkosi kumgangatho ophezulu weempahla owenziwe, kungekudala uMark wangena kwimarike yehlabathi. Uluhlu lubandakanya iingcango zangaphakathi zendawo yokuhlala kunye nendawo yemizi-mveliso, iimodeli ezihambayo nezingafaniyo. I-Classic yokuLungela, uyilo olufutshane, imigca ecacileyo kunye neTekhnoloji ye-European yaseYurophu - isitshixo sempumelelo yeemveliso zeBrand.

Iingcango

Ngaba uthelekiso lwabavelisi beengcango zegumbi eliphezulu [Khetha ezona zilungileyo?]

Ngaba uthelekiso lwabavelisi beengcango zegumbi eliphezulu [Khetha ezona zilungileyo?]

Ngaba uthelekiso lwabavelisi beengcango zegumbi eliphezulu [Khetha ezona zilungileyo?]

  • Umzi-mveliso "Onyx". Iingcango zangaphakathi zale nkampani yaseRussia azikho kwaphela ingaphantsi kwe-overpart. Zonke iimodeli ziyafumaneka ngokuhambelana ngokupheleleyo nemigangatho yaseYurophu. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, le yeyona mveliso inkulu yekhaya, amasebe awo abekwe nakwizixeko ezincinci zaseRussia. Elona phawu liphambili kukuba inkampani inokwenza iminyango kwii-odolo zakho. Abathengi bakwamakisha inani elikhulu lokufunda, amathunzi kunye nohlengahlengiso, kunye nokuhanjiswa ngokukhawuleza kweemveliso ezigqityiweyo.

Ngaba uthelekiso lwabavelisi beengcango zegumbi eliphezulu [Khetha ezona zilungileyo?]

Ngaba uthelekiso lwabavelisi beengcango zegumbi eliphezulu [Khetha ezona zilungileyo?]

Ngaba uthelekiso lwabavelisi beengcango zegumbi eliphezulu [Khetha ezona zilungileyo?]

Iingcango zangaphakathi ezivela kwi-ecospon

I-ECOCHONO luhlobo lwePolymer (Polyproplene) ngotshintsho lwangaphandle "phantsi komthi". Isixhobo siyinto ye-neague yezoqoqosho kunye nenqanaba lemvelo le-veneer yendalo, kuba iphantse yahlukile kwiinkuni zendalo ukuze zichukumise. Inzuzo ebalulekileyo ye-ecookion kukuba izinto ezibonakalayo zinobuhlobo ngakumbi kunefilimu ye-polyvinyl chloriny ye-pilorinyl ye-pilorinyl, kuba azikho i-computer enetyhefu ene-chlorine kwi-chlorine kwi-chlorine kwi-chlorine kwi-chlorine kwi polymer. Iingcango zangaphakathi ezinjalo zinokuba luvuthile igumbi lokulala okanye kwigumbi labantwana.

Iingcango ezivela kwi-ecopolott

Olu hlobo lwemveliso luphawuleka ngothintelo olwaneleyo, ukukhetha imibala ebanzi, kunye nokuxhathisa komswakama kunye nokusasaza umahluko. Ngaphandle kwe-Phumayo kunye, nokuhambelana neempawu ezidwelisiweyo, eli lixabiso elifikelelekayo. Nangona kunjalo, abanye abathengi baphinde bafuduse iingcango eziphantsi kwizixhobo ze-polymeric.

Iingcango zePolymer

Abavelisi ababalaseleyo (isiphumo sothelekiso)

Abavelisi ababalaseleyo beengcango zangaphakathi kwimarike yasekhaya bayi-femic sophia kunye neevolkhovets. Iimveliso zabo ziyadibana nemigangatho esemgangathweni yamanye amazwe, kwaye ii-rand ngokwazo zihluleke yinethiwekhi ebanzi yokuthengisa. Qwalasela ngakumbi iinkalo zenkampani nganye kwezi nkampani.

I-Brand Sophia

Ngokomthetho, inokuthathwa njengenkampani yaseRussia yeli candelo lehlabathi, kukuqokelelwa kwayo ukuba ukuqokelelwa kwayo ukuba ukwenziwa kwawo okutsha kumanqwanqwa amanqwanqwa aneminyango kunye ne-Fitvales olwaneleyo Ezona mpawu ziphambili zeemveliso ezivelisiweyo ziyingozi kwaye kukhetho olubanzi loyilo lwangaphandle. Iminyango yangaphakathi iSophia iya kulunga kakhulu nangaphantsi, uyilo lwabo lwendalo luvula amathuba aphezulu okwenza ezona mvoti zibalaseleyo.

Inqaku ngesihloko: Ngaba kufanelekile ukuthenga ucango lokungena esipilini? I-PROS NOKUGQIBELA [NGEEMPAHLA]

I-Sophia yanamhlanje

Abathengi babelazile ezi zinto zilungiselelwe ziingcango zeSophia:

  • Iingcango ezisemgangathweni eziphezulu zeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zezithunzi, imibhalo-uluhlu olukhulu lweemveliso, zihlala zigcwalisiwe ziimveliso ezintsha nezintsha;
  • Ixesha elifutshane lokuphunyezwa kwee-odolo zomntu ngamnye kwimizobo yoyilo (oku kubaluleke kakhulu xa usebenza ngeminyango ye-SARS engaqhelekanga);
  • Ukubonelela ngesiqinisekiso njenge-canvase kunye nezinto zobucango (inkampani ikwabonelela ngokulungiswa ngokukhululekileyo kwimeko yomonakalo wangaphandle);
  • Amaziko amaninzi ahlala kumasebe namasebe kwilizwe liphela;
  • Udumo oluhle kwintengiso yamanye amazwe.

Iminyango yeSofya

Njengayo nayiphi na imveliso, iingcango zangaphakathi zele nkampani zineqela leentsilelo: Ixabiso eliphezulu ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwezinto eziphezulu ezisemgangathweni, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zomntu wesithathu xa usenza ii-odolo zomntu.

Umzi-mveliso "volkhovts"

Ukuvelisa iminyango yabo ukusukela ngo-1993. Ukusukela oko kwaqalwa, inkampani ihlala iphuculwe ekukhutshelwe ama-canvases emnyango kunye nezinto. Ngokutsho kwabaphathi, ukuthandwa kweemveliso kungenxa yezinto ezimbini ezize zikhokelwa nguMgaqo-nkqubo weBrand:

  • Iimveliso zenziwa phantsi kweliso leenkosi ezinobuchule, eziqeqeshwa minyaka le kumaziko amakhulu asemgangathweni ekuchitheni inkampani;
  • Isebenzise izixhobo zanamhlanje, ezinobuhlobo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuveliswa kwemveliso kuwo onke amacandelo. Unokongeza ukuba uphawu ngokungqongqo gca kwi-tusher jikelele kwimakethi yemakethi.

Iingcango zevolkho

Ingqwalaselo eyodwa ihlawulelwa ukukhetha izixhobo ezikumgangatho ophezulu ngaphandle kokungcola kwezinto eziyingozi, enkosi apho izityalo zenkampani zithathwa njengeyona itekhnoloji kwaye ikhuselekile. Kufanelekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba oomasifundisane benziwa ziingcango zangaphakathi, kodwa kukwahlulahlulahlula-hlulwa ngokwahlukeneyo, iiphatho zodonga kunye nolunye uyilo lwesifundo esifanayo.

Izibonelelo zeengcango "zevotkhovets" zeyo:

  • Sebenzisa kuphela izinto ezingafunekiyo okusingqongileyo - ngenxa yousongo, iinkampani zinokufakwa kumaziko ahlukeneyo ezentlalontle (kwigumbi lezikhuseli, izikolo, izibhedlele);
  • Iwaranti yeminyaka emithathu yazo zonke iintlobo zeemveliso;
  • Umyinge womgangatho wexabiso elifanelekileyo;
  • Uluhlu olubanzi oluhlala luhlaziywa rhoqo ngeemveliso ezintsha ngokungqinelana nentshukumo yanamhlanje;
  • Iintlobo ngeentlobo zeemveliso zemveliso zifezekisiwe ngokusebenzisana nabayimi abaninzi basekhaya nabangaphandle.

Ukungancediki kwale mveliso kukungabandakanywa ngabom kweplastiki kunye ne-polymers kuluhlu lwezinto zokwenza izinto zokwenza iingcango zegumbi kunye nezixhobo. Nangona kunjalo, le yingqokelela enkulu kakhulu, kwaye i-ecology isandula ukwenziwa kwimveliso yeempahla ezahlukeneyo mva nje.

Iingcango ezivela kwindalo esiyingqongileyo

Ukushwankathela oku kungasentla, ndingathanda ukuqaphela ukuba ukongeza kwimbonakalo yomnyango, izinto zayo zomsebenzi zayo zibalulekile (apho umnyango uya kuvula). Oku kuxhalabisa ngokuthe ngqo iimodeli ze-swing. Rhoqo, le nqolobiso alithathi akhawunti, kwaye lingakhange libe nengxaki kwingxaki ethile. Ucango olufakelwe ngokungachanekanga unokwenza kube nzima ukugqitha, kwaye ayiyi kuvumela ifanitshala yengqondo. Ukuba ukhetha iikhrayitheriya ezidwelisiweyo xa ukhetha iingcango zangaphakathi, uya kufezekisa umphumo omangalisayo!

Ungayikhetha njani iminyango yasekunene (2 ividiyo)

Iindidi zeengcango zengaphakathi (iifoto ezingama-23)

Ngaba uthelekiso lwabavelisi beengcango zegumbi eliphezulu [Khetha ezona zilungileyo?]

Ngaba uthelekiso lwabavelisi beengcango zegumbi eliphezulu [Khetha ezona zilungileyo?]

Ngaba uthelekiso lwabavelisi beengcango zegumbi eliphezulu [Khetha ezona zilungileyo?]

Ngaba uthelekiso lwabavelisi beengcango zegumbi eliphezulu [Khetha ezona zilungileyo?]

Ngaba uthelekiso lwabavelisi beengcango zegumbi eliphezulu [Khetha ezona zilungileyo?]

Ngaba uthelekiso lwabavelisi beengcango zegumbi eliphezulu [Khetha ezona zilungileyo?]

Ngaba uthelekiso lwabavelisi beengcango zegumbi eliphezulu [Khetha ezona zilungileyo?]

Ngaba uthelekiso lwabavelisi beengcango zegumbi eliphezulu [Khetha ezona zilungileyo?]

Ngaba uthelekiso lwabavelisi beengcango zegumbi eliphezulu [Khetha ezona zilungileyo?]

Ngaba uthelekiso lwabavelisi beengcango zegumbi eliphezulu [Khetha ezona zilungileyo?]

Ngaba uthelekiso lwabavelisi beengcango zegumbi eliphezulu [Khetha ezona zilungileyo?]

Ngaba uthelekiso lwabavelisi beengcango zegumbi eliphezulu [Khetha ezona zilungileyo?]

Ngaba uthelekiso lwabavelisi beengcango zegumbi eliphezulu [Khetha ezona zilungileyo?]

Ngaba uthelekiso lwabavelisi beengcango zegumbi eliphezulu [Khetha ezona zilungileyo?]

Ngaba uthelekiso lwabavelisi beengcango zegumbi eliphezulu [Khetha ezona zilungileyo?]

Ngaba uthelekiso lwabavelisi beengcango zegumbi eliphezulu [Khetha ezona zilungileyo?]

Ngaba uthelekiso lwabavelisi beengcango zegumbi eliphezulu [Khetha ezona zilungileyo?]

Ngaba uthelekiso lwabavelisi beengcango zegumbi eliphezulu [Khetha ezona zilungileyo?]

Ngaba uthelekiso lwabavelisi beengcango zegumbi eliphezulu [Khetha ezona zilungileyo?]

Ngaba uthelekiso lwabavelisi beengcango zegumbi eliphezulu [Khetha ezona zilungileyo?]

Ngaba uthelekiso lwabavelisi beengcango zegumbi eliphezulu [Khetha ezona zilungileyo?]

Ngaba uthelekiso lwabavelisi beengcango zegumbi eliphezulu [Khetha ezona zilungileyo?]

Funda ngokugqithisileyo