Uma ufuna ukwakha okungajwayelekile, ngokungafani nendlu yomakhelwane, bheka izindlu ngaphansi kophahla olulodwa. Inika umsuka wokwakha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uphahla olulodwa lulula kakhulu kudivayisi. Silula kangangokuba kungenziwa ngezandla zakho.
Ubuhle nobubi
Uphahla olulodwa lubhekwa njengoshibhile futhi lulula kudivayisi ngokwalo. Futhi lokhu kuyiqiniso, ikakhulukazi ngobubanzi obuncane besakhiwo. Noma kunjalo, ezweni lethu ekhaya elinophahla oluhlangene nalo lukhona impela. Esikhathini esiningi, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi uphahla olumibili noma olunezinwele ezimbili lujwayelene kakhulu - zibukeka zijwayele kakhulu. I-SNAG yesibili ukuthola iphrojekthi evumelaniswe nezimo zethu zezulu. Kunezinsizakusebenza eziningi zephrojekthi yaseNtshonalanga, kepha zenzelwe isimo sezulu esithambile, njengomthetho, zinendawo enkulu yokukhazimulayo. Thola umakhi oguqula kahle iphrojekthi oyithandayo kunzima kakhulu. Kepha ukube bekusenokwenzeka, futhi ukuvumelana kwesakhiwo akuzange kuphazamisekile, indlu ivela okwangempela.
Enye yamaphrojekthi wezindlu ngophahla olulodwa
Amaningi asabisa ophahleni olungalinganiselwe kwenye yesakhiwo. Okwabo, yiqiniso, kunzima ukushaya kakhulu kunokujwayelekile, kepha umphumela uhlukile ngokuphelele - okwangempela kungu-100%. Kuliqiniso, kulokhu kuthola umklami ongakhula ingaphakathi elifanayo kuma-expanses ezwe lethu elinzima kakhulu, noma kunjalo, kungenzeka.
Kunenye indlela yokuphuma - ukuvumelanisa uphahla ngokugqashuka, kanye nendawo yamahhala ngaphansi kophahla njengezakhiwo zobuchwepheshe. Izinketho ezinjalo kanye namabutho aqaliswa aneliseke kakhulu. Yebo, izakhiwo zezobuchwepheshe zisehla elingaphansi, futhi phezulu, kepha akunazinkinga ngamanzi angaphansi komhlaba.
Lokhu mhlawumbe kuyo yonke imizuzu noma izihibe ezingenisa ophahleni olulodwa. Nokho, kunomunye umzuzu, okunzima ukubiza igama elibi, ngenxa yezici zesakhiwo, izinto zophahla azibonakali ezindlini ezinjalo emhlabathini. Uma le ndawo ibushelelezi, ngaphandle kwamaconsi aphezulu eziphakeme, khathaza ukubukeka kophahla, akunangqondo. Kungcono ukukhetha okulula ngokubukeka, kepha izinto ezisezingeni eliphakeme, zithule (indiza enkulu, ngomsindo wemvula ngamandla) futhi uthembekile. Enye yezinketho ezithandwayo uphahla olugoqayo. Inikeza ngezinga elifanele lokuqina, hhayi kakhulu umsindo. Enye inketho uphahla oluhlaza ophahleni lwezinto zesimanje. Uphahla olunjalo luthule, futhi izinto zanamuhla zingasebenza iminyaka engama-20- 30 ngaphandle kokulungiswa.
Idivaysi yophahla lwemoto eyodwa
Umthambeka odingekayo wophahla lwethebula elilodwa uhlelwe ngenxa yokuphakama kwezindonga eziphambene. Olunye udonga lwesakhiwo luphakeme kakhulu kunolunye. Lokhu kuholela ekusetshenzisweni okwengeziwe kwezinto zokwakha izindonga, kepha uhlelo lwe-rafter lulula kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezakhiweni zobubanzi obuncane.
Ophahleni olulodwa lokuhlalisa
Ngamandla anele okuthela izindonga, uhlelo lwe-liner lophahla olulodwa olususelwa kuMaurselalat, luhlelwe odongeni. Ukuze kusatshalaliswe umthwalo umfaniswano owengeziwe, umugqa ongenhla weWall Masonry uqiniswa ukuqiniswa okude (ngezindonga zezitini, kusuka emabhulokeni okugcina) noma ngaphezulu kokhonkolo wokugcina, i-limestone , indle) ithululelwa phezu komugqa wokugcina. Esimweni sesakhiwo sokhuni noma sohlaka, iqhaza le-mauerlat livame ukwenza umqhele wokugcina noma ukubopha okuphezulu.
Ngokuqina okunganele ngokwezinto zokwakha izindonga, iningi lomthwalo lingadluliselwa ekuqedeni. Kulokhu, ama-racks afakiwe (Isinyathelo - Cishe amamitha ayi-1), lapho ama-run ahlanganiswe - imigoqo emide ehamba esakhiweni. Phezu kwabo futhi bathembele lapho imilenze evuthayo.
Ungawudlulisela kanjani umthwalo usuka ezindongeni ukuze udlule
Lapho i-armopoyas ibigcwalisa noma ibeka umugqa wokugcina, kuyo, ngesinyathelo sika-80-100 cm, ama-studs afakiwe, lapho i-mauerlat ifakwe khona ezindongeni zesakhiwo. Ezindlini zokhuni, uma ungenzi i-armopoyas, akunakwenzeka ukubeka izikopelo. Kulokhu, kuvunyelwe ukufaka kwizikhonkwane ngekhanda le-hexagogon. Ngaphansi kwe-PIN, umgodi uchithwe nge-mauerlat, umbhangqwana wamamilimitha ngaphansi kwesilinganiso se-PIN. Induku yensimbi ivalwa kuyo, eheha ibha yokhuni odongeni. Ukuxhumeka kubambezelekile kusetshenziswa ukhiye we-hex wosayizi owufunayo.
Isihloko ngesihloko: Umhlobiso Wangaphakathi Wall: Izinto zokwakha nezinketho (isithombe)
Uhlelo olulodwa ophahleni olulodwa
Uphahla olunjalo luthandwa kakhulu lapho kwakhiwa izakhiwo zegceke - Sarai, Garages. Ubungako bezakhiwo bukwenza kwenzeke ukusebenzisa imishayo enamandla amakhulu, futhi imishayo iyadingeka ngamanani amancane. Ngobubanzi besakhiwo kuze kufike kumamitha ayi-6, uhlelo lwe-chalk ophahleni lwethebula elilodwa cishe alunazo izinto ezengeziwe zokuqinisa (ama-backups kanye nokugijima), okunenzuzo. Futhi kudonsela ukungabikho kwezindawo eziyinkimbinkimbi.
Ngomculi ophakathi weRussia we-Russia endiza aze afike ku-5.5 Meters Thatha ugongolo ngo-50-150 mm, kuze kufike kumamitha amane kwanele ngo-50-100 mm, yize kungcono ukucubungula umthwalo weqhwa kanye nomoya esifundeni sakho , futhi, ngokusekelwe kulokhu, ukunqunywa ngamapharamitha we-beam.
Uhlelo olulodwa lophahla olulodwa olune-scholator encane (kuze kufike kumamitha ayi-6)
Lapho ibanga phakathi kwezindonga lifinyelela kumamitha ayi-4,5, uphahla lwethebula elilodwa luqukethe ezimbili eziletha i-maurolalat, ezilungiselelwe ezindongeni, futhi zisuselwa ku-mauerlat. Idizayini elula impela.
Ngobubanzi be-span kusuka kumamitha ayi-4,5 kuya ku-6 amamitha, kusadingeka ukuthi kukhishwe, kulungiswe odongeni oluphezulu ezingeni lokugqagqana kanye nomlenze we-substropsy, osele ogodleni cishe phakathi. I-angle yethambeka yalolu bhulokhi incike ebangeni phakathi kwezindonga kanye nezinga lokufakwa kwe-lenzny.
Izinhlelo eziningi eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-rafting ophahleni olulodwa lwethebula olunobubanzi bezakhiwo ezingaphezu kwamamitha ayi-6. Kulokhu, kulungile uma indlu yenzelwe ukuthi ngaphakathi kukhona nodonga oluthwala, olususelwa kuma-racks. Ngobubanzi bendlu kuya emamitha ayi-12, amapulazi alula, izindleko zedivayisi ephahleni zincane.
Idivaysi yamapulazi ophahla lwetafula elilodwa nobubanzi bezakhiwo ezingaphezu kwamamitha ayi-6
Kwezakhiwo zobubanzi ububanzi obungaphezu kwamamitha ayi-12, uhlelo luba nzima ngokwengeziwe - izinyawo ezihlanganayo ziba zinkulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwenziwa kwemishayo isikhathi esingaphezu kwamamitha ayi-6 ubude kuyabiza. Uma ukwanda kudingeka kuphela ububanzi be-OOPS yophahla, imishayo iqandisiwe emaphethelweni ezinhlamvu. Lezi zingcezu zezingcezu zesigaba esifanayo, ezixhunywe ogabeni futhi zihlelwe ezinhlangothini ezinama-lining amabili ngokhuni elinobude obungu-60 cm buhloswe ngama-bolts noma izipikili, vumela ukusetshenziswa kwamapuleti angenayo.
Inketho yokuhlukanisa i-stropil
Uma ubude be-beam butholwa amamitha angaphezu kuka-8, bavame ukuhlukaniswa. Amalunga okuhlangana athuthukiswa kakhulu ngokubulala amabhodi noma amapuleti akhulayo.
Izinketho ezisheshayo zivuthwe ku-mauerlat: udumo oluhamba phezulu nangaphezulu kwesokudla. Phansi kwesokudla, inketho yokucwila ngaphandle kwamasolo (akuvamile ukusetshenziswa)
Kungenzeka kube nemibuzo mayelana nezindlela zokuqinisa ophahleni olulodwa olwenziwe kuMauerlat. Akukho mehluko oyisisekelo. Konke futhi kwenza ukusika ku-rafter unyawo, okusele izingodo eMauerlat. Ukuze ungahlupheki ngonyawo ngalunye lwe-rafter, uvumelanisa nokufika, uphuze owokuqala, ucezu lwe-blackboard, i-plywood noma ibha yenza isifanekiso, iphindaphindwa "umphumela. Yonke imigwaqo elandelayo yagcwala izikhukhula ngaphambi kokufakwa. Isifanekiso sisetshenziswa kubo endaweni efanele, ukususwa kwesimo esidingekayo nosayizi kuyalungiswa.
Kwakuyinkulumo ngokuqiniseka kanzima kwezinyawo ze-rafter to mauerlat. Isetshenziswa kuzo zonke izakhiwo ezinikeza ukushwabana okuncane. Ezindlini zokhuni, le ndlela yokusongela ayikwazi ukusetshenziswa - indlu ngaso sonke isikhathi ihlale noma iphakamise kancane, yingakho kungenzeka kube khona i-skew. Uma uphahla luhlelwe ngokuqinile, lungakuphula. Ngakho-ke, lapho usebenzisa itafula elilodwa noma okunye ukuphapha ezindlini zokhuni, kusetshenziswa i-sling ne-maulalat. Kulokhu kukhona okubizwa ngokuthi "ukuslayida". Lawa ngamapuleti, isimo esivela emakhoneni anamathiselwe kuma-mauerlat futhi axhumeke ngokuhamba phambili kanye nemichilo yensimbi enamathiselwe onyaweni lwe-rafter. Kunemithambeka emibili enjalo ye-rafter ngayinye.
Ukukhetha i-angle yokuthambekela kophahla
I-block angle yophahla inqunywa ngenani lezinkomba - umoya kanye nomthwalo weqhwa nohlobo lwezinto zophahla. Okokuqala, zinqunywa nge-angle yezimo zezulu (kuya ngenani lemithwalo yemvula nemithwalo yomoya). Ngemuva kokubuka ama-bias anconywayo anconywe ngohlobo olukhethiwe lwezinto zophahla (etafuleni elingezansi).Isihloko ngesihloko: Ungayenza kanjani i-cornice yamakhethini ngezandla zawo kusuka entombikazi?
| Igama lezinto zophahla | I-angleng emncane yokuthambekela (ngamadigri) |
|---|---|
| Isilayidi sase-Asbian kanye ne-Onntulin | 6 ° |
| Isimende-sand kanye tile ceramic | 10 ° |
| Ithayela le-Bitminous eliguquguqukayo | 12 ° |
| I-Metal Tile. | 6 ° |
| Usimende ka-Asbian noma ama-shale slabs | 27 ° |
| Insimbi ye-Galvanized, yethusi, amashidi e-zinc titanium | Okungu-17 |
| USolwazi | 6 ° |
Uma i-angle efiselekayo inkulu, konke kuhamba kahle, uma kuncane (okwenzekayo kuyaqabukela) - kuyanda kulokho okunconyiwe. Ukwenza uphahla nge-angle ngaphansi kwe-angle encane enconywe ngumenzi wephahla, akusona nakanjani - kuzogeleza emalungeni. Ukuze ugxile kalula, ake sisho lokho ngentambo ephakathi yaseRussia, ithambeka elinconyiwe lophahla olulodwa lwetafula lingu-20 °. Kepha kungakuhle ukubala inombolo yesifunda ngasinye, ngisho namalungiselelo ahlukene okwenziwa esizeni.
Ngendlela, khumbula ukuthi abakhiqizi abahlukahlukene bohlobo olufanayo lwezinto ezibonakalayo zophahla bangadinga ukukhetha okuningana okuncane. Isibonelo, ukubekwa kwensimbi yensimbi yomkhiqizo owodwa kungenziwa ophahleni ngohlobo oluncane lwe-14 °, olunye - ku-16 °. Futhi lokhu yize iqiniso lokuthi u-Gost unquma ukukhetha okuncane kuka-6 °.
Kuhle futhi ukukhumbula ukuthi nge-skate kuze kufike ku-12 ° ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuqina kwanoma yiziphi izinto zophahla, kuyadingeka ukuthi uphuthelwe wonke amalunga okuqukethwe okungamanzi (imvamisa - ngeBitumen mastic, ngaphansi kaningi - Uphahla lwe-sealant).
Sinquma ukuphakama okudingekayo ukukhuphula udonga
Ukuqinisekisa i-angle ebhokisi lokumba ophahleni lwethebula elilodwa, kuyadingeka ukukhulisa olunye lwezindonga ezingenhla. Ngokwazi kwami, ngikhumbula ifomula ngokubala unxantathu onxande. Sithola nobude bezinyawo ze-rafter.
Ungawavivinya kanjani amapharamitha ophahla olulodwa
Lapho ubala, ungakhohlwa ukuthi ubude bususwa ngaphandle kokucabanga izigcawu, futhi badinga ukuvikela izindonga zendlu kusuka kumvula. I-Minimum Sink ingama-20 cm. Kepha ngesihlahlana esincane ngalesi sakhiwo, ophahleni olulodwa lwe-kuutsuza lubheka ngaphandle kwesakhiwo. Ngakho-ke, kuvame okungenani amasentimitha angama-60 ezakhiweni ezinesitezi esisodwa. Ezinqolobaneni ezimbili, zingafika ku-120 cm. Kulokhu, ububanzi besinki bunqunywa ngesisekelo sokucatshangelwa kobuhle - uphahla kufanele lubukeke lubumbano.
Umdwebo wesampula ku-scratchUp
Indlela elula ukubona ukuthi kunesidingo malini ukwelula uphahla ezinhlelweni zokuqamba, okuvumela isakhiwo esikalini futhi "ukudlala" ngezikena. Konke kufanele kukhonjiswe ngezilinganiso ezi-3 (uhlelo oludumile kakhulu lwe-scratchUp). Khetha kusosayizi abahlukile be-Soles, banqume ukuthi babukeka kangcono (lokhu uma kungekho phrojekthi), bese u-oda / wenze ama-rafters.
Umbiko Wezithombe Ukwakhiwa: Uphahla olulodwa endlini kakhonkolo olwenziwe
Indlu eyakhiwe eSt. Petersburg. Iphrojekthi le bekungekhona, kwakukhona umbono ojwayelekile owethulwa esithombeni. Indlu eyenziwe ngokhonkolo ocijile, ukuqeda - udaka, uphahla - ukugoqa okukhethiwe kususelwa kwizindleko eziphansi, ukuthembeka, ukufakwa kalula.
Umbono wendlu ngaphansi kophahla olulodwa
Ngemuva kokuthi izindonga zikhishwe, ama-armphoos zagcwala kuzo, kufakwe kuzinye izifudlana (u-10 10 mm). Lapho ukhonkolo e-armodipoyas efika kwinto eyize edingekayo, ungqimba olungenamanzi ("i-hydroofize", usike emabhendi eni oyifunayo) ebekwe ku-bitumen mastic. Phezu kwamanzi, i-mauerlat ihlanganiswe - inqama 150-150 mm. Zonke izingodo, ezisetshenziselwa idivaysi yophahla, yomile, zicutshungulwa ngokuwohloka okuvikelayo, ama-antipirens.
Qala ukubeka ophahleni lwethebula elilodwa - ukubeka i-mauerlat
Kuqala ukubeka endaweni (amanga kuma-studs, anamathele abasizi), adlule, angqongqoze isando ezindaweni lapho ama-studs ami khona. Ibha ifakwe yizindawo lapho izikopelo zinamathela khona. Manje izimbobo ziyabiwa futhi zimane zikuthole kuma-hairpin.
Njengoba i-span itholakala ngomugqa omkhulu, faka ama-backups kusuka kubha (150-150 mm), ebekwe ukugijima, okuzogcina imilenze evuthayo.
Ukufakwa kwama-racks nokugijima
Ububanzi bophahla yimitha eyi-12. Lokhu kuthatha i-deposincy yamamitha ayi-1,2 ukusuka ohlangothini lwangaphambili. Ngakho-ke, amabha mauerlat kanye nokugijima "okunamathelayo" ngaphesheya kwezindonga zezindonga.
Ukuqinisekisa ukususwa kophahla lweMaurhlalat kanye nokugijima kunamathela imikhawulo ye-X
Ekuqaleni kube nokungabaza mayelana nokususwa okukhulu okunjalo - ibha yesokudla eyeqile ilenga amamitha ayi-2.2. Uma lokhu kuthathwa kuncishisiwe, kubi ezindongeni, futhi ukubukeka kuzokonakala. Ngakho-ke, konke kwanqunywa ukuthi kuhambe njengoba kunjalo.
Isihloko ngesihloko: Amashalofu we-balcony azenzele ngokwakho
Ukubeka isikhathi
Ama-Rafter ahlanganisiwe amabhodi amabili e-Sprocketing 200 * 50 mm, anesinyathelo sika-580 mm. Amabhodi ahlukaniswe ngezipikili, nge-oda lokuhlola (phezulu ngezansi), ngesinyathelo sika-200-250 mm. Izigqoko ezinamakhonsa ngakwesokunene, ngakwesobunxele, ngakwesobunxele, okubhangqiwe ezimbili / kusuka phezulu kwesokudla, izihloko ezimbili / kusuka phansi kwesokunxele, njll.). Izindawo ezihlukanisayo zamabhodi zibanzi ezingaphansi kuka-60 cm. Ugongolo oluphumela lutholakala luthembeke kakhulu kunebha yedili elilodwa.
Ama-Rafters ayabekwa
Indlela yokuqinisa izingodo
Okulandelayo, ikhekhe lophahla lwethebula elilodwa lecala elinikeziwe linjalo (ohlangothini lwe-attic - emgwaqweni) impahla. Kulokhu, lo umbala omsulwa grey.
Isibonelo sekhekhe eliphahleni lophahla olulodwa (ngokuvamile lujwayelekile)
Ukufakwa okuvela ngaphakathi kuzokwenziwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, futhi ngenkathi ngaphezulu kwesiqalo, sibeka i-membrane-wind-wind-wind - evikela i-membrane "umsila oqinile" (umphunga oqinile).
Sibeka ulwelwesi olungavunyelwenga olungavunyelwe khona
Ulwelwesi lubeka phansi, kubakaki abanamathiselwe kusuka ku-stapler. I-canvas egoqa ngenhla ingena esivele ifakwe ngo-15-20 cm. I-junction igcotshwa ngetheyipu elihlangene kabili (lithengiwe kanye nolwelwesi). Lapho-ke amapulangwe abhalwe ngaphezulu kwe-membrane, angumuhle wokugoqa uphahla.
Dome of the board 25 * 150 mm
Okokuqala, umsiki owenziwe ebhodini 25 * 150 mm ngesinyathelo sika-150 mm. Ngemuva kokulala, njengophahla, kwanqunywa ukuqinisa ikhreyithi. Kulokhu, kukhona ububanzi bama-100 mm wamabhodi phakathi kwamabhodi asevele abekelwe. Manje kukhona igebe lama-25 mm phakathi kwamabhodi.
Isifo sophahla olulodwa njengomphumela
Okulandelayo, izingwegwe zokufaka uhlelo lokudonsa lugobeke endaweni ephansi. Akukhona futhi abashadi, ngoba ngenxa yobude obukhulu be-foron, kwanqunywa ukwenza ama-funnels amabili athola amamitha ayi-2,8 ukusuka emaphethelweni. Ukuvikela ama-runoff ezinhlangothini ezimbili futhi wenza impumuzo enjalo.
Kutholwe izingwegwe zohlelo lokudonsa amanzi
Okulandelayo, kuyadingeka ukwenza izingcezu zensimbi (imidwebo) amamitha ayi-12 ubude. Abasindayo, kepha abakwazi ukugoba, ngoba iSalazki inyamalale. Ngokuphakamisa, ibhuloho "lesikhashana" elixhuma umhlaba nophahla. Phezu kwakhe waphakamisa amashidi.
Ukuphakamisa amashidi ngebhuloho
Okulandelayo goofing, okuhlukile ngokuya ngohlobo lwezinto zophahla. Kulokhu, kwakudingeka ukuxazulula inkinga yokunwebeka kwezinga lokushisa kwezinto ezibonakalayo - insimbi ye-gallvanized (Porral) lapho kufudunyezwa / kupholile kakhulu kushintsha ubukhulu bawo. Ukuqinisekisa inkululeko yokwanda, ukulungisa lokho okwenzelwe i-crate kunqunywe ukuthi i-FACTS ihambisane nama-clemmers ngenkululeko yokuhamba nge-15-20 mm.
Ukufakwa kwama-curvatures okugoqa ophahleni
Ukubeka uphahla lwamanga kusuka ePurala
Emva kokubeka impahla ephahleni, iziqu, zasala, futhi azifani.
Ngidinga ukuletha impande "engqondweni" - ukuya entwaneni, kepha, ikakhulukazi, sekumi ngomumo
Yebo, esithombeni esingezansi kwenzeka ngemuva komhlobiso. Isimanje kakhulu, isitayela futhi esingajwayelekile.
Indlu nophahla lwetafula elilodwa - ukuqeda cishe kuqedwe
Amaphrojekthi nezithombe zezindlu ngophahla olulodwa
Njengoba sekushiwo, kunzima ukuthola amaphrojekthi athokozisayo ezakhiwo zokuhlala nophahla olulodwa. Ngenkathi lezi zakhiwo zingathandeki. Mhlawumbe ngenxa nje yemvelaphi yayo. Lesi sigaba siqukethe amaphrojekthi amaningi noma izithombe zezindlu esezivele zakhiwe. Mhlawumbe othile uzoba wusizo okungenani njengombono.
Iphrojekthi yendlu encane ngaphansi kophahla olulodwa
Le ndlu ikhona. Amaphahla ahle kakhulu ahlaselwe okukodwa ezindaweni ezine-Height Drop
Indlu eyodwa enezitezi ngophahla olulodwa lwendawo enkulu
Indlu enezitezi ezimbili ezinamathafa ezitezi ezimbili
Ngaphansi kwethayela yemvelo kudinga ukuthambekela okukhulu kophahla
Amafasitela amakhulu - amahle, kepha aphambanise esimweni sezulu sethu
I-Multi-Level House - iphrojekthi ethokozisayo esetshenzisiwe
Lesi yisibonelo salokho okusendaweni engenhla.
Indlu yoqobo. Ngaphansi kophahla olulodwa oluhlangene nendlu kanye nokwakhiwa kwendlu kanye nokubamba, ngisho nengxenye - i-canopy ngaphezulu kwegceke phakathi kwezakhiwo ezimbili
Iphrojekthi efanayo phezulu, ngakolunye uhlangothi
Ophahleni olulodwa olulodwa emazingeni ahlukene