Chithunzi
Zinthu zonyamula zonyamula zazikulu ndi matauni kapena mitsinje. Kulemera kwathunthu kwa katundu wonse padenga kumawalola kuwagawana pamitundu yanthawi yokhazikika komanso yochepa (yayitali, yayitali komanso yapadera). Kulemera kwa zida zonse zomanga padenga kuyenera kuphatikizidwa pakuwerengera kwa khwangwala dongosolo, chifukwa chake pamafunika kuthana ndi zovuta zogwirizana ndi katundu wautali.
Chithunzi 1. Kupanga zomangira owaza ndi thandizo pamakoma a nyumbayo.
Kutalika kwa madenga kumaphatikizapo: Kulemera kwaumunthu, zida zapadera zogwirira ntchito kapena kukonza madongosolo a padenga. Mitundu yapadera imaphatikizapo zotsatira za semisom. Mtengo wa ziweto umayamba mwala wokhazikika, womwe wapereka chithandizo chapadera komanso chowonjezera chokhala ndi antiseptics, lalat rediardant.
Malo opumira akuphatikiza kulemera kwa kapangidwe kake ka rafters, zomwe zimatembenukira:
- Zinthu zodetsa.
- Slinge system.
- Wosanjikiza kutentha.
- Zipangizo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mukamaliza maderes.
Kuyambitsa Ntchito Yomanga padenga, ndikofunikira kulipira chidwi kwambiri pazomwe zigawenga zimagwiritsidwa ntchito - zovala kapena kupachika. Kusankha, munthu ayenera kuyerekeza mawonekedwe a padenga ndi kukula kwa kapangidwe kake kameneyo ndi mawonekedwe ake. Denga limatha kukhala ndi mtundu umodzi kapena umodzi. Izi zikutanthauza kugwiritsa ntchito zomangira zosiyanasiyana za kukwera mosiyanasiyana pokwera.
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Chithunzi 2. Chipale chofewa.
Munyumba okhala ndi gome limodzi kapena mtundu waitali wa padenga, zokolola zothandizira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zinthu zamtunduwu ndi kapangidwe kazikulu kapena mipiringidzo yaying'ono, yomwe makhoma awiri a kapangidwe kake akuthandizira, kapena mfundo zitatu zomwe zimaphatikizapo chipewa ndi makhoma awiri.
Cimbereli, ndiye kuti, matabwa, amalimbitsidwa ndi thandizo la ma racks kutengera zinyalala. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zina zomwe nyumba yomangidwa itatha kuli ndi kukula kofunikira, ndiye kuti, oposa 6 metres, akuphatikizidwa ndi mawonekedwe a kufunika kwa ntchito yomanga makoma kapena kukwaniritsidwa.
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Mapeto ake a mapangidwe a miyalayo ndi makhoma a nyumbayo, ndipo pamlingo wa kapangidwe kake uyenera kutengera magawo owonjezera (ma racks, mauta, etc.), yomwe ndi yapakati. Izi zikuwonetsedwa mu mkuyu. 1. Momwemonso, amatha kukhazikitsidwa m'makonga okhala ndi columnar amathandizira mwina mwina makoma onyamula makoma.
Mtundu wotsekedwa umakhala patali kuchokera pamtundu umodzi wothandizirana ndi wina wopitilira 6.5 metres. Kukhalapo kwa zinthu zina zothandizirana kungalolere kupirira kwakukulu, komwe kumakutidwa ndi thandizo la akasupe, omwe kukula kwake kuli mpaka 12 metres. Nthawi zina kufika poyambira ndi zithandizo ziwiri zoyandikana nawo patali kwambiri ndi 15 m.
Munyumba kuchokera ku bar, nduwira zapamwamba zopangidwa ndi mitengo zimaperekedwa kuchokera ku matabwa. Chithandizo cha miyendo ya mafupa ndi kuwoloka kwambiri. Ngati m'lifupi mwake ntchitoyo ili paliponse, kenako padenga lokhala ndi mawonekedwe a rafter imatuluka ndi kulemera kocheperako. M'malo mwa nyumba wamba yamatabwa, kugwiritsa ntchito mafomu achitsulo ndi matabwa ndikofunikira.
Ngati dongosolo loyatsa lili ndi zibowo zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale bwino pakhoma, yomwe ili yopingasa ndikudula, nthawi yomweyo dzina la magetsi lidzathamangitsidwa. Mount Mounts njira zovomerezeka zomwe zimasiyira mwayi wosatetezeka pamakoma:
Chithunzi 3. Wowerengedwa ndi chipale chofewa.
- Mapazi a MODS pamene nthawi youmbidwa ndi BRR, nthawi zina imatha kupumula kumapeto kwa Mauertot Yekha, ndikofunikira kutilimbitsa.
- Chifukwa cha kulumikizana, ku Slider, zomangira zimaphatikizidwa ndi mipiringidzo kapena Mauerlat, kuyika kwa malekezero kumtunda kwa rafter kumakhazikika ndi misomali.
- Njirayi imafunikira mtundu wokhwima ndi zigawenga, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa skate. Mabodiwo ayenera kuluka ndi misomali mofanana ndi Skate Stesaster mbali iliyonse.
Phiritsani zingwe zotsekemera - zimatanthawuza kukonza madenga, kupanikizika pamtunduwu kuperekedwa ku makoma (ngati ziweto zimaphatikizidwa kwa iwo).
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Ngati mungaganizire njira zitatu zotheka kuti zithetse mitundu yolimba ya Rifid kukakamiza pamakoma.
M'malo mwake, mitundu yakale ya owaza ndi chiwembu chosinthika mumikhalidwe yokhazikika ya okhulupirika a zinthu zothandizira pantchito zopachikika.
Momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito kuwerengetsa pamzere wodetsa
Chithunzi 4. Mphepo ya mphepo.
Kuwerengera kwa zisonyezo zosiyanasiyana zamphepo kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi mtundu wina wa malo. Kupanga ndalama za matalala kapena mphepo, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito njira (1) ndi (2):
S = sg * μ mu (1),
Komwe SG ndi chizindikiro chowerengera chipale chofewa cha mita pamtunda wamtunda wamalo okwera, omwe amayenera kuwerengedwa molingana ndi tebulo (mkuyu. 2). Mapulogalamu am'mende kuchokera ku I ku VIII amafanana ndi madera omwe akuwonetsedwa pamapu a matalala. Dongosolo lowerengera tebulo likuwonetsedwa mkuyu. 3.
μ ndi yophatikiza kuloza kusintha kuchokera ku kulemera kwathunthu kwa chivundikiro chokwanira cha chipale chofewa pansi mpaka chipale chofewa pamoto.
Zogwirizana ndi μ zimatsimikiziridwa ndi mbali yokhazikika padenga la padenga:
- μ = 1 ngati ngodya yotsetsereka
- μ = 0.7 Ngati ngodya yotsetsereka ili pamtundu wa 25-60 °;
- Ngati ngodya za malowa muli zopitilira 60 °, ndiye mulingo wa zogwirizana μ pansi pazowerengera kwathunthu za katundu wa chipale chofewa sichimaganiziridwa.
Chithunzi 5. Makhalidwe a zogwirizana, zomwe zimatengera kutalika kwa kapangidwe kake ndi mtundu wa malo.
W = W * K (2),
pomwe mwana ali ndi chisonyezo chazomwe zimachitika kwa katundu wa mphepo, omwe amafunsidwa mu formula deta deta ya kuwerengera (mkuyu. 4);
K ndi zolimba kutengera nyengo ya mtunda, amayamba kusintha kusintha kwa kuthamanga kwa mphepo, kumatsimikiziridwa, kupatsidwa ma tebulo (mkuyu. 5). Kalatayo "A" patebulo amatanthauza kukhalapo kwa nyumba zotseguka za malo osungira osiyanasiyana, zipululu, tundra, nkhalango-nkhalango kapena steppes. Pansi pa "B" kumatanthauza kupezeka kwa madera, nkhalango kapena malo ena, osagwirizana kapena zopinga zopitilira 10 m kutalika.
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Chithunzi 6. Chipangizochi chopachikika chimakhala ndi thandizo pamakoma a nyumbayo.
Kuti muwongolere ma spans osiyanasiyana, omwe amafikira zoposa 7 m kutalika, nthawi zambiri zolemerera, zomwe zikuwonetsedwa mkuyu. 6. Chipangizo chawo chimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa khoma pa chithandizo chilichonse. Kulimbikitsidwa kwapadera kumagwiritsidwa ntchito, komwe kumalepheretsa kapangidwe ka miyendo kuti iyendetse.
Malinga ndi ntchito yake, dongosolo lopachika limakhazikitsidwa ndi kukakamizidwa ndi kupindika. Nthawi yomweyo, dongosololi lili ndi luso la ntchito kutumiza makoma. Kuti muchepetse kuyeserera kumeneku, zolimbitsa thupi (zitsulo kapena kuchokera ku mitengo) imagwiritsidwa ntchito, yomwe imalumikiza miyendo. Zitha kuyikidwa pansi pomanga dongosolo losefukira ndikulipamwamba.
Kulimbikitsidwa kwambiri kwamphamvu kwambiri, kudalirika kwakukulu kuyenera kukhala ndi ziwembu.
Pa ndege zomwe zimapanga zoposa 8 m, mtengo (wotayika), wokhala ndi mpukutu, angagwiritsidwe ntchito. Ubwino wa mafomu ofowoka awa pali luso lothana ndi lumen yayikulu.
Makina olema amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nyumba zomwe zimakhala ndi zopepuka kukhoma. Mu chipangizo cha mtundu wa mtundu wopachikika, nthawi zambiri amatha kutsirizidwa pamalekezero awo pomanga khoma la nyumbayo, komanso solalat, yomwe ndi mawonekedwe othandizira. Zolinga zothandizira pakatikati sizikuperekedwa.
Dongosolo la soli la solry limakonzedwa ndi mawonekedwe kumakoma a kapangidwe kake. Pali mphamvu yamagetsi yomwe siyifalikira pamakoma, koma amakhalabe okhazikika makona atatu, omwe amaphatikizanso mphamvu ndi zinthu zonse ziwiri zopachika. Kulimbitsa mphamvu kuyenera kulimbikitsidwanso pa Mauerlat. Nthawi yomweyo, ziweto zolimba sizitengera kapangidwe ka khoma, koma pa Mauerlat.
Mukakhazikitsa ziweto zopachika, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Chifukwa chake khwangwala amangirira ma Mawielat, kukonza ndi ma balts kapena misomali. Chida choyimitsidwa chatha pomwe chimalumikizidwa mu skate ndipo chimalimbikitsidwa ndi mitengo yamatabwa.
