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Izinto eziphambili zophahla oluphambili ziidolophu ezisezidolophini okanye zokuxhoma. Ubunzima bomthwalo wonke kwisicwangciso sophahla ubavumela ukuba babelane ngeentlobo zexesha elisisigxina nezexeshana (ixesha elifutshane, elide kwaye libe lide). Ubunzima bazo zonke izinto zokwakhiwa kophahla kufuneka zibandakanywe ekubeni kubalwa inkqubo yenkqubo yeRAFT, ngenxa yoko ifuna ukumelana nangokuhambelana nemithwalo yexesha elide.
Umzobo 1. Ulwakhiwo lwemihlarha efakwe ngenkxaso kwiindonga zeNdlu.
Imithwalo yophahla lwexesha elifutshane libandakanya: ubunzima bomntu, izixhobo ezizodwa zenkonzo okanye zokulungisa inkqubo yophahla. Iindidi ezikhethekileyo zibandakanya isiphumo somsebenzi we-seismic. Umthi we-rafters uthatha iLitye leNdmbano ebalaseleyo, edlulise unyango olukhethekileyo nolongezelelweyo lwe-antiseptics, ukwakhiwa kwelangatye.
Imithwalo eqhubekayo ibandakanya ubunzima boyilo luyilo lwemihlambi yokuxhoma, ejika:
- Isixhobo sokuphahla.
- Inkqubo yeSling.
- Ungqimba lokugcwaliswa kobushushu.
- Izixhobo ezisetyenzisiweyo xa ugqiba ukutyala.
Ukuqala ulwakhiwo lophahla, kubalulekile ukunika ingqalelo ephezulu ekusetyenzisweni ziinto eziza kusetyenziswa - ukugxotha okanye ukuxhonywa. Ukukhetha, umntu kufuneka athelekise ubume bophahla ngobungakanani besakhiwo ngokwaso kunye nohlobo lophahla lwayo. Uphahla lunokuba nohlobo oluphindwe kabini okanye olunye. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukusetyenziswa kweendlela ezahlukeneyo zendlela ezahlukeneyo zokunyusa xa unyuka.
Ububanzi kunye nokufakwa kwabo
Ukufakwa okufanelekileyo kweendawo zokuhlala eziguqukayo
Umzobo 2. Ikhadi lomthwalo wekhephu.
Kwizakhiwo ezinetafile enye okanye uhlobo lophahla lwe-phandle kabini, iirafti zokusebenza ziyasetyenziswa. Olu hlobo lwezinto lukhona ubungakanani bobukhulu obuncinci okanye imivalo, apho iindonga ezimbini zesakhiwo zixhasa, okanye iingodo ezintathu ezibandakanya umnqwazi ngeendonga ezimbini.
Into eshukumisayo, oko kukuthi, amaplanga, yomelezwa ngoncedo lwee-racks ezisekwe kwinkunkuma. Ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezithile emva kokuba indlu eyakhiweyo inezinto eziyimfuneko ngokubanzi, oko kukuthi, zingaphezulu kweemitha ezi-6, zinxulunyaniswa nokubonakala kwesidingo solwakhiwo lweendonga okanye ezixhasayo.
Inqaku ngesihloko: Ukwahluka kweefestile zeplastiki
Ezona ziphelo zoyilo lwamabala e-rafter ziindonga zeNdlu, kwaye inqanaba loyilo eliphakathi kufuneka lisekelwa kwizinto ezongeziweyo (ii-racks, iibhloko, njl. Njl.), Eziphakathi. Oku kubonisiwe kwi-Fig. 1. Ngokufanelekileyo, zinokufakwa kwizakhiwo ezixhotyisiweyo kunye ne-Colminar ixhasa i-avareji yenqanaba leendonga zebharhu.
Uhlobo lokuyila lusetwe kumgama ukusuka kolunye uhlobo lwenkxaso kwenye enye yeemitha ezingama-6.5. Ubukho bezixhobo ezongezelelweyo zokuxhasa zinokuvumela ububanzi besayizi enkulu, ekufuneka bugqunywe ngoncedo lwemithombo, ubungakanani bayo bungaphezulu kwe-12 yeemitha. Ngamanye amaxesha ukuvulwa ngaphezulu kwe-ox eneenkxaso ezimbini ezikufuphi nobubanzi obungaphezulu kwe-15 m.
Kwizakhiwo ezivela kwi-bar, izithsaba eziphezulu ezenziwe ngomthi zinikezelwe kumaplanga. Inkxaso yemilenze ye-skeleton yeyona nto iphambili. Ukuba ububanzi bolwakhiwo buye nakho kuyo yonke indawo, ke uphahla olunembono yendawo ngorhatya luphuma nobunzima obukhulu. Endaweni yemiqolo eqhelekileyo yenkuni, ukusetyenziswa kweefom zentsimbi kunye ne-beams iphambili.
Ukuba inkqubo yophahla yophahla lunemigangatho edalayo enoxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo eludongeni, othe tyaba kwaye lusike, kwangaxeshanye igama leenyawo le-rafter liza kutshiza. INkundla zivumelekile ngeendlela ezintathu ezingafakwanga ukubakho kwenqanaba elingakhuselekanga lemithwalo ezindongeni:
Umzobo 3. Umthwalo wekhephu
- Unyawo lweratshi xa isikhunta sithe sahlulwa nguBru, ngamanye amaxesha sinokuphumza ekupheleni kweMaretihla ngokwakhe, kuyafuneka ukuba boyiqinisa ngokubhala.
- Ngenxa yoqhagamshelo oluhambayo, oluyisi isilayidi, i-slider, iirafti ziqhotyoshelwe kwimivalo okanye kwiMauert, ukubekwa kwemiphetho ephezulu ye-rafter ilungiswe ngezikhonkwane.
- Le ndlela ibaluleke kakhulu ngohlobo olunzima olunzima kunye nolwakhiwo, olusetyenziselwa indawo yefokazi. Iibhodi kufuneka zifakwe izipikili kwikhomputha efanayo ye-skate tarter ye-skate kwicala ngalinye.
Nyusa izithuba zemikhono ye-rafters-kuthetha ukulungiselela iinkqubo zophahla, inqanaba loxinzelelo kwinkqubo ziya kudluliselwa ezindongeni (ukuba iirafti ziqhotyoshelwe kubo).
Inqaku lesihloko: Isibhakabhaka kwi-phaling senza ngokwakho
Ukuba uthatha ingqalelo kuzo zonke iindlela ezinokubakho zokuphuma kwiindidi ezikhawulezayo zeerafti, ukutshintsha indawo eqingqiweyo kwindawo engqongqo kwi-shorid, usadibanisa nemivalo okanye yiMauert, emva koko unokufumana i-voltage yangaphakathi eboniswe ngohlobo lokusebenza kwe uxinzelelo ezindongeni.
Ngapha koko, iintlobo zeSpacer zeRhafu eziPhakanyiweyo zizikimu zotshintsho kwiimeko zofakelo lweereyithi ezithembekileyo zohlobo lokusebenzisa izinto.
Ungaluqhuba njani ukubala umthwalo kwiNkqubo yoPhayeni
Umzobo 4. Ikhadi lomthwalo womoya.
Ukubala kwezalamu ezahlukeneyo zomoya zinxulunyaniswa nohlobo oluthile lwendawo. Ukwenza ubalo lwekhephu okanye imithwalo yomoya, ungasebenzisa ifomula (1) kunye (2):
S = sg * μ nge (1),
Apho i-SG luphawu lokubala ubunzima kwikhava lekhephu kumphezulu we-meter the the the tye yecandelo lomhlaba, ekufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo ngokungqinelana netafile (Fig. 2). Amaxabiso etafile ukusuka kwi-VIII ahambelana neendawo eziboniswe kwimephu yemithwalo yekhephu ngummandla. Iskimu sokubala itheyibhile iboniswe kwi-Fig. 3.
μ Ngaba ukulunga okulinganayo kwinguqu kwinguqu kumzimba opheleleyo wesigqubuthelo sekhephu emhlabeni ukuya kumthwalo weqhwa.
I-Coents μints 'ilungele i-angle yotyekelo lophahla lophahla:
- μ = 1 ukuba i-angle yethambeka
- μ = =.7 Ukuba i-angle yethambeka ikuluhlu lwe-25-60 °
- Ukuba ii-angles zotyekelo lophahla lingaphezulu kwe-60 °, ke, emva koko, emva koko, emva koko, emva koko, emva koko, emva koko, emva koko ke, kwinqanaba lokulingana μμμμ IIMPAWU ZOKUGCINWA KWEXESHA LOKUXELWA NGOKUGQIBELA.
Umzobo 5. Amaxabiso olungelelwaniso olulandelelanayo, oluxhomekeke kubude besakhiwo kunye nohlobo lomhlaba.
W = W * K (2),
Iphi isalathiso sexabiso eliqhelekileyo lemithwalo yomoya, ithathelwa ingqalelo kwifomula yedatha yetafile yobalo (Fig 4);
I-K ilungelelene ngokuxhomekeke kwimiqathango yomhlaba, ithathela ingqalelo utshintsho kwingcinezelo yomoya ukuphakama, kuyagqitywa, kunikezelwa amaxabiso etafile (Fig. 5). Ileta "kwitheyibhile ithetha ubukho bezinto ezivulekileyo zokugcina iindawo zokugcina izinto, intlango, i-tundra, ihlathi-ihlathi okanye i-steppes. Phantsi ko "B" kuthetha ubukho bendawo yasezidolophini, ihlathi lehlathi okanye elinye ilizwe, ukuba nezinto ezingalunganga okanye izithintelo ngaphezulu kwe-10 m ukuphakama kwe-10 m ubude.
Inqaku ngesihloko: Kutheni le nto umatshini wokuhlamba ithatha umgubo wokuhlamba okanye imeko yomoya kwaye wenze ntoni?
I-rafters hafters: Ungayifaka njani
Umzobo 6. Isixhobo esixhoma iidrafti ezinenkxaso kwiindonga zeNdlu.
Ukuvula i-spans ezahlukeneyo, ezifikelela ngaphezulu kwe-7 m ubude, kwiimeko ezininzi zixhonywe iirafres, eziboniswe kwi-Fig. 6. Isixhobo sabo sinxulunyaniswa nokwamkelwa kodonga ngenkqubo yenkxaso. Ukuqiniswa okukhethekileyo kusetyenziswa, okuthintela uyilo lwemilenze emibi yokuqhuba ngeenxa zonke.
Ngokweepropathi zayo zokusebenza, inkqubo yeRafting Raft isekwe kuxinzelelo olunokwenzeka kunye nokugoba. Kwangelo xesha, le nkqubo isebenzisa izakhono zokudlulisela iindonga. Ukwenzela ukunciphisa ezi nzame, ukuqinisa (intsimbi okanye ukusuka enkuni) kuyasetyenziswa, edibanisa imilenze engcolileyo. Zingabekwa kwisiseko sokwakhiwa kwenkqubo yokuhlambela kwaye iphakamise.
Ukuqina okuphezulu kokuqiniswa okukhethekileyo, ukuthembeka okukhulu kufuneka kube neendlela zokuxhoma.
Kwindiza ezenza ngaphezulu kwe-8 m, i-beam (i-rack), ukuba ngumsongo, unokusetyenziswa. Izibonelelo zeso senkqubo yokuphuhla zibandakanya ukukwazi ukugqithisa i-lumen enkulu.
Iinkqubo zokuxhoma zisetyenziselwa izakhiwo ezinoyilo lodonga olukhanyayo. Kwisixhobo se-rafter yohlobo oluxhonyiweyo, bahlala bezavuthiswa iziphelo zabo kulwakhiwo lodonga lwesakhiwo, kunye ne-marylalet, eyifom yenkxaso yebar. Izakhiwo zenkxaso zohlobo oluphakathi azibonelelwanga.
Inkqubo yeSolyry ilungisiwe yi-clamps ukuya kwiindonga zesakhiwo. Kukho i-voltage ye-spacel engasasaziweyo eludongeni, kodwa ihlala imida emiselweyo yemo yoxinano, equka ukuqinisa kunye nezinto zombini ezizilo. Ukuqina kufuneka kufunyenwe kwiMauerlate. Kwangelo xesha, iidreyini eziqinileyo zingasekelwanga kuyilo lweendonga, kodwa kwiMauerlate.
Xa ufaka iirafti zokuxhoma, isetyenzisiwe. Ke i-rafter ibonekile kwiMauert, ilungisa ngee-bolts okanye izikhonkwane. Isixhobo sokumiswa sigqityiwe xa sixhunyiwe kwisiketi kwaye somelezwa ngokuthimba okwenziwe ngomthi.
